chronological 1189

• 1189: Henry II of England dies. The Treaty of Falaise (between Scotland and England) is annulled.
• Henry the Lion is again excelled by Frederick I.
• January 21: Troops for the third crusade, called in response to the victories of Muslims under the command of Saladin, began to gather under King Philip II Augustus of France, King Henry II of England (shortly followed by his son, King Richard I), and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. Frederick drowned the next year on the way to Palestine - German folklore developed that asserted he was hidden in a mountain waiting to return and lead Germany to a new and brighter future.
• March: Saladin returns to Damascus.
• April, at Hagenau: Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire (Barbarossa) receives the pilgrim's staff and scrip. Fiftytwo warships from Pisa arrive at Tyre to aid in the city's defense.
• May 11: Frederick I initiates the Third Crusade, handing the Holy Roman Empire to his son, Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire). Frederick I is accompanied by his second son Frederick of Swabia. He collects a huge army at Ratisbon (Regensburg) - estimated at 50.000 horsemen and 100.000 foot-soldiers by Arnold of Lübeck; German chroniclers however give a round figure of 100.000 for the whole army, a figure also wildly overestimated. None the less it was undoubtedly one of the largest Crusading armies ever to leave Europe. Frederick chooses for the land-route (the way through Constantinople and Asia Minor) because of a shortage of ships. The march through Byzantine land has to be made quickly because Emperor Isaac II Angelus has signed a treaty with Saladin against the Crusaders.
• A series of negotiations and treaties with Serbia, Hungary, Byzantium and the Seldjuk sultan of Iconium prepares the way.
• He is well-treated by King Bela during his passage through Hungary.
• May 18: Frederick I Barbarossa captures the Seljuk city of Iconium (Konya) (Konya, Turkey, located in central Anatolia).
• June 23: Frederick crosses the river Danube and enters Byzantine territory (under the weak Emperor Isaac II Angelus). Fredrick's army, after many problems, spents the winter in Adrianople.
•July 06: King Henry II Plantagenet dies and is succeeded by his son, Richard Lionheart. Richard would only spend a small amount of time in England, leaving the administration of his kingdom to various appointed officials. He was not very concerned about England and didn't even learn much English - he was much more concerned with protecting his possessions in France and making a name for himself that would last through the ages.
• July 15: Jabala Castle surrenders to Saladin.
• July 29: Sahyun Castle surrenders to Saladin, who leads the assault personally, and the fortress is renamed Qalaat Saladin.
• August 26: Baghras Castle is captured by Saladin.
• August 28: Guy of Lusignan arrives at the gates of Acre with a force far smaller than that in the city's Muslim garrison, but he is determined to have a city to call his own because Conrad of Montferrat refuses to turn control of Tyre over to him. Conrad is supported by the Balians and the Garniers, two of the most powerful families in Palestine, and lays claim to the crown Guy wears. Conrad's house of Montferrat is related to the Hohenstaufen and an ally of the Capetians, further complicating the political relationships among the leaders of the Crusade.
• August 31: Guy of Lusignan launches an assault against the well-defended city of Acre and fails to take it, but his efforts attract most of those streaming into Palestine to participate in the Third Crusade.
• September: Danish and Frisian war ships arrive at Acre to participate in the siege by blockading the city by sea.
• September 3: Richard I of England (called the Lion-hearted or Lionheart) crowned king of England in a ceremony at Westminster. (When Jews arrive with gifts, they are attacked, stripped naked, and whipped by a mob which then moves on to burn down houses in the Jewish quarter of London. Not until Christian houses catch fire do authorities move in to restore order. In the following months Crusaders slaughter hundreds of Jews throughout England). Through a deal with the Scottish king William Richard receives 10,000 Marks which he takes to the Holy Lands, leaving his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine as regent. Fall of Silves in Portugal to Crusaders.
•September 15: Alarmed by the growing threat of the Crusaders camped outside of Acre, Saladin launches an attack on the Crusader camp which fails.
• October 04: Joined by Conrad of Montferrat, Guy of Lusignan launches an attack on the Muslim camp defending Acre which nearly succeeds in routing Saladin's forces - but only at the expense of heavy casualties among the Christians. Among those captured and killed is Gerard de Ridefort, Master of the Knights Templar who had previously been captured and then ransomed off after the Battle of Hattin. Conrad himself was nearly captured as well, but he was rescued by his enemy Guy.
• December 26: An Egyptian fleet reaches the besieged city of Acre but it unable to lift the sea blockade.

• 1190, February: The Byzantine ruler gives in to the wishes of Frederick. Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem dies and Guy of Lusignan claims sole rule of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Both of their daughters had already died of disease a few days before, which means that Sibylla's sister Isabella was technically the successor in the eyes of many. Conrad in Tyre also claims the throne, however, and confusion over who rules divides the Crusader forces. The Teutonic Knights are established by Germans in Palestine who also create a hospital near Acre.
•March 07: Crusaders slaughter Jews in Stamford, England.
• March 16: Jews in York England committed mass suicide in order to avoid having to submit to baptism.
• March 16: Jews in York are massacred by Crusaders preparing to set off for the Holy Land. Many killed themselves rather than fall into the hands of the Christians.
• March 18: Crusaders on a rampage kill 57 Jews in Bury St. Edmonds, England.
• End of March: Frederick's expedition moves down to Gallipoli on the Dardanelles and (Easter) crosses into Asia wit the help of Byzantine transports.
• April 20: Philip II Augustus of France arrives at Acre to participate in the Third Crusade.
• April 25: The German army moves into Seldjuk territory in Anatolia. The treaty with the sultan, Kilij Arslan II, proves worthless. His eldest son, Qutb ad-Din Malik Shah, then in power and Saladin's son-in-law, opposes Frederick's army a free passage to Syria.
• April 27: The army reaches Laodicea.
• May 3: The army passes the battlefield of Myriocephalum (where Manuel Comnenos met with a fatal defeat).
• May 17: Frederick reaches Konya.
• May 18: Frederick battles Qutb ad-Din Malik Shah near Iconium and wins a brilliant victory.
• May 23: On his way to Karaman.
• May 30: Arrival at Karaman.
• June 10: Wearing heavy armor, Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River (or: Selesius; called Calycadnus in other sources) in Cilicia (Anatolia), after which the German forces of the Third Crusade fall apart and are devastated by Muslim attacks. This was especially unfortunate because unlike armies in the First and Second Crusade, the German army had managed to cross the plains of Anatolia without serious loss and Saladin was very concerned about what Frederick might accomplish. (Eventually, a mere 5,000 of the original 100,000 German soldiers make it to Acre; most of the German Crusaders make it for Cilician or Syrian ports and sail home). Had Frederick lived, the entire course of the Third Crusade would have been altered - it likely would have been a success and Saladin would not have become such a revered hero in Muslim tradition. Frederick I 'Barbarossa' drowns in the river Saleph.
• June 21: Very few of the Germans arrive in Antioch and take part in The Third Crusade of 1191.

TO CHECK: THE DATE THE TWO KINGS LEFT VEZELAY

• June 24: Philip II of France and Richard the Lionheart of England break camp at Vezelay and head off for the Holy Land, officially launching the Third Crusade. Together their armies are estimated to total over 100,000 men.
• July 4: Richard (books) the Lion-hearted (arriving from Tours, in those days an important city of the Anglo-Norman dominions) and Philip II of France (arriving from Paris) meet within the walls of the Bénedictine Abbey of Vézelay (birthplace of several Crusades); the two allied monarchs after a brief sojourn leave Vézelay and proceed for Lyons, where an encampment of some weeks had been arranged. The total numbers of the army: about 100.000 men. The two kings, the only kings of England and France who ever joined their forces in a military expedition, quarrel regularly. It is at lenght arranged that the King of France should be the first to leave Lyons by way of Genoa, where he has a contract with the Superb Republic, the King of England proceeding by way of Marseilles.

• September 13: King Richard departs from Salerno on his tour of Calabria and Apulia.
• Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire) squashes a rebellion of nobles led by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.
• October 7: The battered remnants of the once proud German Crusading army reach Acre where they meet those of their fellow countrymen who had chosen the sea-route.
• October 04: After a number of his soldiers are killed in anti-English rioting, Richard I Lionheart leads a small force to capture Messina, Sicily. The Crusaders under Richard and Philip II of France would be staying in Sicily for the winter.
• November 24: Conrad of Montferrat marries a reluctant Isabella, sister of Sibylla, deceased wife of Guy of Lusignan. With this marriage questions about Guy's claim to the throne of Jerusalem (which he only held because of his original marriage to Sibylla) were made more urgent. Eventually the two are able to resolve their differences when Conrad recognizes Guy's claim to the crown of Jerusalem in exchange for Guy turning control of Sidon, Beirut, and Tyre over to Conrad.

• 1190-1191, Read a detailed report: Sicily, winter: the stay of the French and English.

• 1191, February 05: In order to quell a long-simmering feud, Richard Lionheart and Tancred, king of Sicily, meet together at Catania.
• March: A ship loaded with corn arrives for the Crusader forces outside of Acre, giving the Crusaders hope and allowing the siege to continue.
• March 30: King Philip of France leaves Sicily and sets sail for the Holy Land to begin his military campaign against Saladin. Richard's mother Eleanor and the Princess Berengaria arrive.
• Palm Sunday: after mass in the Cathedral of Messina: the Princess Berengaria, Richard's future wife, with her attendant companion the Dowager Queen of Sicily, Joanna, Richard's sister, set sail for Acre on board of one of the largest dromons of Richard's fleet.
• April 10, Tuesday: After a review of the fleet (150 large ships and 53 smaller ones or galleys) Richard departs for the Holy Land - i.e. what is left of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. His journey is not nearly so calm and quick as that of his colleague, Philip of France.
• Pope Clement III dies at Rome; succeeded four days later by Celestine III (the Cardinal of Santa Maria in Cosmedin). The new pope crowns Henry of Hohenstaufen and Constance as Emperor and Empress.
• The night of Good Friday: Richard and his Crusaders see the weather moderate after a storm.
• Holy Saturday and the Monday and Tuesday following: the Crusaders stay on their ships at sea.
• Wednesday after Easter: the whole fleet comes in sight of the island of Crete. The Crusaders land for water and provisions in the natural harbor of Suda Bay. Richard holds a muster of the ships and it is found that 25 ships are missing.
• The following Thursday: The ships put out into the Ægean Sea.
• At the dawn of Friday: in stormy weather Rhodes comes in sight; the fleet makes it for the sheltered port of Rhodes city and stays there for ten days (April 22 to May 1). King Richard falls sick; more delay: the necessity for collecting and awaiting the ships which had wandered out of their course or had been lost sight of during the storm of Good Friday. (Note: It is evident that during the stay of the Crusaders at Rhodes the King of England and his Counsellors were entertaining the idea of a conquest of Cyprus).
• April 20 (the Saturday after Easter): King Philip August of France lands at the camp before Acre. Philip spends much of his time building siege engines and harassing the defenders on the walls.
• Richard's reunited fleet sets out to cross the Gulf of Adalia (or Sattalia as it was then called). The Crusaders have to fight a storm again. They meet a large dromon or buza on her way from Acre to Europe; they hear the news that the King of France is besieging Acre.
• On the vigil of St. Mark the Evangelist (towards the end of the month of April): the coasts of Cyprus are encircled with an ominous line of seething surf. Tempestuous winds and mountainous seas have seperated the ships of the English fleet, most of them having been obliged to return to Rhodes.
• May 06: Richard the Lionheart's Crusader fleet arrives in the port of Lemesos (now Limassol) in Cyprus where he begins his conquest of the island. Richard had been travelling from Sicily to Palestine but fierce storms scattered his fleet. Most of the ships collected at Rhodes but a couple, including those carrying the bulk of his treasure and Berengaria of Navarre, the future Queen of England, were blown to Cyprus. Here Isaac Comnenus treated them shabbily - he refused to allow them to come ashore for water and the crew of one ship that wrecked was imprisoned. Richard demanded the release of all prisoners and all stolen treasure, but Isaac refused - to his later regret.
• May 12: Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre, first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre.

Read a detailed report: The taking of Cyprus by Richard I of England.

Read a very detailed report: The taking of Cyprus by Richard I of England.

• June 01: The Count of Flanders is killed during the siege of Acre. Flemish soldiers and nobles had played important roles in the Third Crusade since the first reports of the fall of Jerusalem had been heard in Europe and the Count had been one of the first to take up the Cross and agree to participate in the Crusade.
• June 5: Richard departs Famagusta for the Syrian coast ((the fallen Emperor Isaac Ducas Comnenus on board (?), a captive in King Guy's charge)) and leaves some of his noblemen behind on Cyprus, to occupy the garrisons. In addition he restores the rights and institutions which had been granted to the Cypriots by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenos.

Read a very detailed report: Richard I of England in the Holy Land.

• June 6: Richard first sight of the Holy Land is the castle of Marqab. After the landfall he turns south, past Tortosa, Jebail and Beirut and lands on the evening of June 6 near Tyre. Admission is refused by the garrison (on orders of King Philip and Conrad of Montferrat). Richard had sided with Conrad's enemy, Guy of Lusignan, and so is made to camp on the beaches.
• June 07: Disgusted with his treatment at the hands of Conrad of Montferrat, Richard Lionheart leaves Tyre and heads for Acre where the rest of the Crusading forces are besieging the city.
• June 8: Richard continues his way by sea to Acre and arrives ((seven weeks later (the Saturday after Whitsun) than King Philip August of France)) with 25 galleys to aid the Crusaders besieging Acre. Richard's tactical skills and military training make a huge difference, allowing Richard to take command of the Crusader forces.
• July 02: A large fleet of English ships arrives at Acre with reinforcements for the siege of the city.
• July 04: The Muslim defenders of Acre offer to surrender to the Crusaders, but their offer is rebuffed.
• July 08: English and French Crusaders manage to penetrate the outermost of Acre's two defensive walls.
• July 11: Saladin launches a final assault on the 50,000 strong Crusader army besieging Acre but fails to break through.
• July 12: Acre surrenders to the Kings Philip, Richard and Guy; Philip II of France departs the Holy Land for France shortly afterward. Acre surrenders to Richard I the Lionheart of England and Philip II Augustus of France. During the siege '6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers' are reported killed. Acre would remain in Christian hands until 1291.
• The Templars establish their new headquarters in Acre.
• August: Richard I the Lionheart takes the large Crusader army and marches down the coast of Palestine.
• Augustus 20 (CHECK: 26?) : Richard I the Lionheart marches 2,700 Muslim soldiers (and their families) out of Acre, onto the road of Nazareth (Massacre at Ayyadieh) in front of the forward positions of the Muslim army, and has them executed one by one. Saladin had for more than a month delayed on fulfilling his side of the agreement that had led to the surrender of Acre and Richard means this as a warning of what would happen if the delays continue.
• September 7: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I the Lion Heart and Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, are ambushed by Saladin in Arsuf, a small town near Jaffa about 50 miles from Jerusalem. Richard had prepared for this and the Muslim forces are defeated. The military orders are instrumental in winning the battle.
• Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned.
• November-December: Richard's Crusaders march toward Jerusalem but turn back to the coast.

• 1191-92: The Templars occupy Cyprus.
• 1192-1489: Cyprus: Rule by the Frankish Lusignan dynasty.
• 1191-1216: Sporadic warfare between the Templars and King Leo of Armenia over the Amanus Marshes.

• 1192: Muslims conquer Dehli (Delhi ?) and later all of Northern and Eastern India, establishing a Dehli (Delhi ?) sultanate. Hindus would suffer many periods of persecution at the hands of Muslim rulers.
•January 20: After deciding that a siege of Jerusalem during the winter weather would be unwise, Richard the Lionheart's Crusading forces move into the ruined city of Ascalon, demolished by Saladin the previous year in order to deny it to the Crusaders.
• April: The population of Cyprus revolts against their rulers, the Knights Templar. Richard the Lionheart had sold Cyprus to them, but they were cruel overlords known for their high taxation.
• April 20: Conrad of Monteferrat learns that king Richard now supported his claim on the throne of Jerusalem. Richard had previously supported Guy of Lusignan, but when he learned that none of the local barons supported Guy in any way, he chose not to oppose them. In order to prevent a civil war from breaking out, Richard would later sell the island of Cyprus to Guy, whose descendants would continue to rule it for another two centuries.
• April 28: Conrad of Montferrat is murdered by two members of the sect of the Assassins who had, for the previous two months, posed as monks in order to gain his trust. The Assassins had not sided with Saladin against the Crusaders - instead, they were paying Conrad back for his capture of a shipload of Assassin treasure the year before. Because Conrad was dead and his rival Guy of Lusignan had already been deposed, the throne of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was now vacant.
• May 05: Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem and wife of the now deceased Conrad of Montferrat (killed by assassins the month before), marries Henry of Champagne. A quick marriage was urged by the local barons so as to ensure political and social stability among the Christian Crusaders.
• June: Crusaders under the command of Richard the Lion Heart march on Jerusalem. but they are turned back. The Crusader efforts were seriously hampered by Saladin's scorched-earth tactics which denied the Crusaders food and water during their campaign.
• June: Richard's Crusaders march again toward Jerusalem but turn back again.
• September 2: The Treaty of Jaffa puts an end to hostilities of the Third Crusade. Negotiated between Richard I the Lion Heart and Saladin, Christian pilgrims are granted special rights of travel around Palestine and in Jerusalem. Richard had also managed to capture the cities of Daron, Jaffa, Acre, and Ascalon - an improvement over the situation when Richard first arrived, but not much of one. Although the Kingdom of Jerusalem was never large or secure, it was now still very weak and did not reach inland more than 10 miles at any point.
• October 09: Richard I the Lion Heart, ruler of England, departs the Holy Land for home. On the way back he is taken hostage by Leopold of Austria and he doesn't see England again until 1194.
• October 9: Richard The Lionheart departs the Holy Land.
• Richard the Lion-hearted is captured by Leopold V, duke of Austria and handed over to Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire.

• 1193, March 3 or 4 ?: Saladin dies. His sons begin to fight over who will take control of the Ayyubid Empire which consists of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and some of Iraq. Saladin's death is probably what saves the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from being quickly defeated and allows Christian rulers to remain a while longer.
• May: Henry, King of Jerusalem, discovers that Pisan leaders had been conspiring with Guy (de Lusignan) of Cyprus to take over the city of Tyre. Henry arrests those responsible, but Pisan ships begin raiding the coast in retaliation, forcing Henry to get expel the Pisan merchants altogether.
• John Lackland attempts to claim the throne of England, but is prevented by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• Crusade in Spain.
• The Livonian Crusade (renewed 1197, 1199).

• 1194: Richard the Lion-hearted is released for ransom. Richard returns to England and makes peace with his brother John (known as 'John Lackland').
• Richard I’s Tournament Decree (1194): Richard licensed five places in England where tournaments could be held: between Salisbury and Wilton, Warwick and Kenilworth, Stamford and Warinford, Brackley and Mixbury, and Blyth and Tickhill. Those who wished to tourney there had to obtain a license and issue payment for the privilege, and foreign knights were prohibited from tourneying in England. This is perhaps the first secular regulation of a tournament, done for the dual purpose of encouraging the sport and reducing the potential for it to be used as a gathering point for disloyal opposition. "The famous king Richard, observing that the extra training and instruction of the French has made them correspondingly fierce in war, wished that the knights of his kingdom should train in their own lands, so that they could learn from tourneying the art of war and so that the French could not insult the English knights for being crude and less skilled."
• Leaving the government in the hands of Hubert Walter, the archbishop leaves to go to war with France.
• February 20: Tancred, king of Italy dies.
• May: Death of Guy of Cyprus, originally Guy of Lusignan and once king of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Amalric of Lusignan, Guy's brother, is named his successor. Henry, king of Jerusalem. is able to make a treaty with Amalric. Three of Amalric's sons are married to three daughters of Isabella, two of which were also Henry's daughters.
• The last Seljuk Sultan, Toghril bin Arslan, is killed in battle against the Khwarazm-Shah Tekish.
• Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire invades Italy and is crowned king.

• 1195: Henry the Lion dies. Philip (later Holy Roman Emperor Philip) becomes the duke of Tuscany.
• Alexius III deposes his brother Emperor Isaac II Angelus of Byzantium, blinding him and putting him in prison. Under Alexius the Byzantine Empire begins to fall apart.
• Battle of Alacros: Almohad leader Yaqib Aben Juzef (also known as el-Mansur, "the Victorious") calls for a Jihad against Castile. He gathers a massive army that includes Arabs, Africans, and others and marches against the forces of Alfonso VIII in Alacros. The Christian army is vastly outnumbered and its soldiers are slaughtered in large numbers.

• 1196: Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire tries unsuccessfully to make the imperial crown hereditary.
• Philip (later Holy Roman Emperor Philip) becomes the duke of Swabia.
• Berthold, Bishop of Buxtehude (Uexk¸ll), launches the first armed conflict of the Baltic Crusades when he sets a Crusading army against local pagans in Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia). Many are forcibly converted during the following years.

• 1197: Abortive Crusade of Emperor Henry VI. Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire dies.
• Crusade in Spain.
• 1197-98: German Crusade to Palestine. German Crusaders under the command of Emperor Henry VI launch attacks throughout Palestine, but fail to achieve any significant goals. Henry is the son of Frederick Barbarossa, a leader of the Second Crusade who tragically drowned on the way to Palestine before his forces could accomplish anything and Henry had been determined to finish what his father had started.
• September 10: Henry of Champagne, king of Jerusalem. dies in Acre when he accidentally falls from a balcony. This was the second husband of Isabella's to die. The situation is urgent because the Crusader city of Jaffa is being threatened by Muslim forces under the command of Al-Adil, Saladin's brother. Amalric I of Cyprus is chosen as Henry's successor. After marrying Isabella, the daughter of Amalric I of Jerusalem, he becomes Amalric II, king of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Jaffa would be lost, but Amalric II is able to capture Beirut and Sidon.

• 1198-1216: The power of the medieval papacy reaches its apex with the reign of Pope Innocent III (1161 - 1216) who managed to excommunicate both Holy Roman emperor Otto IV (1182 - 1218) and King John of England (c. 1167 - 1216) in 1209.
• 1198-1224: Albert of Buxtehude expands the Baltic Crusades.
• 1198, March 05: The Teutonic Knights are re-formed as a military order in a ceremony at Acre in Palestine.
• Aug: Pope Innocent III calls the Fourth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem, but it is diverted to Constantinople instead. The capital of the Byzantine Empire would be captured, sacked, and held by Latin rulers until 1261.
• Philip, duke of Tuscany and Swabia, and Otto of Brunswick fight over who will rule as Holy Roman Empire.
• Foundation of the Teutonic Order (Teutonic Knights; Military Order of the House of St. Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem. The first founding (1190) was, outside Acre, a German hospital commuity by some citizens of Lübeck and Bremen.By 1196 the hospital had developped into an order living under a rule and caring for the sick. In1198 its range of duties was extended to include the fight against the pagans. The knights lived according to the Templar rule intil about 1245 when the order received its own rule and took the white tunic and black cross as a uniform.).
• December: A special tax on churches is created for the purpose of funding the Fourth Crusade.

• 1199: Richard the Lion-hearted is wounded and dies. His brother John ('Lackland') is crowned.
• A political Crusade is launched against Markward of Anweiler.
• Berthold, Bishop of Buxtehude (Uexk_?_ll), dies in battle and his successor Albert arrives with a new Crusading army.
• February 19: Pope Innocent III issues a bull which assigns the uniform of a white tunic with a black cross to the Teutonic Knights. This uniform is worn during the Crusades.
• April 06: Richard I Lionheart, king of England, dies from the effects of an arrow wound received during the siege of Chalus in France. Richard had been one of the leaders of the Third Crusade.
• Supporters of Arthur of Brittany (John's nephew, son of Henry II's second son Geoffrey) rebel.
• Philip II of France turns against John.
• November 24: Proclamation of the Crusade against Markward of Anweiler.
• December: Taxation of the Church for Crusaders instituted.

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