Index -
A
(Pagenumbers are related to the net version)
Abbasid caliphate 213, 214; and Fatimids 228; and jihad 222, 239
'Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 231-2
'Abd al-Mumin 244
absolution, and personal confessor 72
Abu Ghos, Church of the Resurrection 145, 163
Abu Said, ilkhan 246
Abu Sulayman Dawud 234
Abu Tammam, ( 806?-845/6), Hamasa 232
Abud, church of St Mary 157
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 373
Acciaiuoli, Antonio 304, 311
Acciaiuoli, Nerio 301, 302, 304, 311
Acciaiuoli, Niccolo 301
Achaea, principality 111, 131, 291, 306; and Angevins 299-302, 303-4,
313, 316-17, 321; court 131; and despots of Morea 299, 302, 310-11;
and Knights Hospitallers 301-2, 336
Acre: capture (1101) 112, 168; capture (1191-2) 132, 147, 231; capture
(1286) 137; and Crusader art and architecture 148, 149-53, 154, 164-5;
defeat (1291) 4, 127, 129, 137, 153, 141-2, 259, 261, 291; development
116, 118, 132-3, 148, 164; Fatimid control 217; and Teutonic Knights
178, 185
action, and moral worth 27-8, 33
Adam, Philipe Villiers de l'Isle 347
Adhémar of Monteil, bishop of Le Puy 1-2, 35
Al-Adil, Sayf al-Din, sultan 236
Adramyttion (Edremit), Gulf of 269
Adrian VI, pope, and military orders 345
Al-Afdal, vizier 218
Aigues Mortes, and supply for Crusades 53, 63
Aimery of Lusignan ( 1194-1205) 126, 173
'Ain Karim, church of St John 157
Airasca, Ferlino d' 335
Alamut, Assassin stronghold 215, 239
Alarcos, battle ( 1195) 187, 196, 244
Albania: Ottoman conquest 277; and Venice 308
Albert of Austria 273
Albert of Livonia 180
Albigensian Crusade ( 1209-29) 109; effects 65; financing 58; and
St Mary of Oignies10-11; in songs 91, 93, 108-9
Albornoz, Gil 268
Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach 344
Albrecht von Johansdorf 100
Alcántara order 179, 202, 326-8, 345-6, 360
Aleppo: Mamluk attack 136; Mongol attack 239; and Saladin229, 234;
Seljuk control 122, 214, 216, 225-7
Alexander III, pope: and Crusade bulls 43; and military orders 191
Alexander VI, pope, and Livonian Crusade 276-7
Alexandria, capture ( 1365) 247-8, 270-1, 274, 295, 335
Alexis Kallergis 309
Alexius, I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor ( 1048-1118), and First Crusade
2, 36, 61, 218
Alfonso II of Aragon 179, 185
Alfonso V of Aragon 326
Alfonso VI of León-Castile 18, 243
Alfonso VIII of Castile, and reconquest of Spain 244-5
Alfonso X of Castile 179
Alfonso XI of Castile ( 1325-50), and Reconquista 267, 276, 327
Algeciras: Castilian capture ( 1344) 267, 327; Muslim capture 246
Algiers, conquest 255, 360
Alice of Cyprus 135
Alice of Jerusalem 120-1
Allenby, Edmund 382, 384
Almaric of Franclieu (fl. 1171-9) 166-7
Almohads, and Spain 186, 244-5
Almoravids: in North Africa 243-4; in Spain243-4, 245
Alp Arslan, and Mamluks 240
Alphonse of Poitiers: and costs of Crusading 53, 55; as divisional
commander 64
Amadeus VI of Savoy, and Gallipoli 251, 270
Amalric of Jerusalem (1163-74) 119, 122, 134, 142; and Byzantium 123-4,
144, 158; and coinage 144; and Crusader art 144-7, 158; and military
orders 190; and Muslims 234
Amalric of Nesle 143
Amalric of Tyre 293, 312
Amorosa, Daimberto de 350
Ampringen, Johann Kaspar 359
Amundsen, Roald Engelbrecht Gravning 370
Anatolia: and Mongols 238-9; and Ottoman Turks 150, 251-2, 256, 284,
294, 324, 334, 335
Anavarza: castle 169; chapel 170
Andravidha, Achaean court 131
Andrew II of Hungary 149, 180
Andronicus IV Palaeologus 310
Angevins: and Aragon 313-14; in Naples229-302, 303; and papacy 268;
and Sicily 39-40, 293, 299, 303; see also Henry II of England; Richard
I of England
Anglo-French war 259, 266, 267, 274, 284, 314
Ankara, battle (1402) 253, 277, 298, 302
Antalya, Cypriot capture 295
Antequera, Fernando de 328
anti-semitism 35-6, 66, 115
Antioch, principality: and Bohemond of Taranto36, 123; and Byzantium
123; defeat 239; Frankish settlement 111, 115; and kingdom of Jerusalem
120-1, 125; and manuscript painting 148; and military orders 184-5;
patriarchal cathedral 159; political development 120-1, 135; Seljuk
control 112-13, 216, 218, 225; siege ( 1097-8) 37, 370
Apamea, Pontifical 150
Aqsa Mosque 156, 227; and Knights Templar 176
Aqua Bella, courtyard buildings 165-6
Aquinas, St Thomas, and indulgence 82
Arabic, Frankish knowledge of 233-4
Arabs: Christian 224; in Seljuk empire 216-17
Aragon: and Angevins 293, 313-14; and Castile 246, 267, 284, 326-7;
and France313; and Granada282, 284-5; and Latin Greece 300, 303; and
military orders 179, 185, 188, 192, 207, 326, 345, 354; and papacy
3, 267
architecture: cathedrals 158-61; Cilician Armenia 168-71; Crusader
142-4, 149, 154, 155-75; Cyprus171-5, 294-5; defensive 165-8, 169-70,
173-5; domestic 164, 165, 169-70; hybridization 318; and military
orders 163, 167-8, 173-4; parish churches 161; and religious orders
162; secular 163-8
Armenia, Cilician: architecture 168-71; Frankish conquest 113, 168;
and Latin East 114-15, 292, 293-4, 305, 312, 335; and Mamluk sultanate
168, 239, 247; and military orders 168, 183
Armenians: in Cyprus 295; in Egypt 215; in Jerusalem 158
armour, Muslim 230
army: command structures 61, 62; coordination 59-60; discipline 64;
footsoldiers 25, 49; Mamluk 240-2, 247; and non-combatants 25, 47-8,
260; Ottoman 251-2, 256; payment 63-4; of Saladin 229-30, 235, 240;
support services 25, 49; Teutonic Knights 333; see also cavalry; supply
Arsenal Bible 150-1
Arsuf: defeat by Baybars 239; Frankish capture (1101) 112
art, Crusader 138-54, 318; and lingua franca 152, 154; secular 148,
153
Aruj Barbarossa 255
Ascalon: defensive architecture 167; Fatimid control 217; siege (
1153) 112, 143-4, 168, 227
Al-Ashraf Barsbay, sultan (1422-37) 248
Al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan 241-2
Al-Ashraf Shaban 248
Asia, and Genoese trade 305
Assassins: defeat 239; Isma'ili 214-15, 216, 224, 226, 239
Assises de Jérusalern 6
Astley, Philip 377-8
atabak 215-16
Athens, Latin duchy 291, 308, 311; and Catalan Company300, 301, 303-4,
313, 316-17, 322
Atsisz, Turkish general 217
Aubusson, Pierre d' 337
Audita tremendi 83-4
Auger of St Pierre de La Réole 75
Augsburg, Peace (1555) 287
Augustine of Hippo, St, and violence 18
Augustinians, in Latin East 139, 160, 162, 173
Austria, and Holy League 309
Autun, Council (1095) 2
Avignon, and papacy 267, 268, 325, 336
Avis order 179, 185, 202, 329, 345
Ayas, and trade 127, 312, 321
Aydin, beylicate 250, 251, 335
Ayn Jalut, battle (1260) 136, 239
Ayyubid empire: and Egypt 38, 134, 136, 228, 236-7; and Mamluk sultanate
236-7, 238-9, 240; and poetry 232-3; see also Saladin
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - B
(Pagenumbers are related to the net version)
Bacon, Roger 205
Badr al-Din Baktut al-Rammah 241
Baghras, castle 135, 169
Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad 237
Baha al-Din Zuhayr 233, 237
Bahr al-Fava'id 222-3, 226, 233
Bahris 238
Bait 'Itab, hall-house 165
Bait Jibrin, castle 163, 167, 184
Baldwin of Alna 190
Baldwin of Boulogne 36, 368
Baldwin of Ford, and preaching of Crusades 45
Baldwin I (1172-1205): as king of Jerusalem113; as Latin emperor 129
Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d. 1131) 120, 142
Baldwin III of Jerusalem (1129-62) 122, 123; coinage 143; and Baldwin
III of Jerusalem (cont): Crusader art 144, 158; and Melisande 120,
142, 143
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (d. 1185) 119, 124, 133, 147, 134
Baldwin V of Jerusalem 124, 147
Baldwin of Vern d'Anjou 73-4
Balkans: and Teutonic Knights 343; and Turkish advance 4-5, 252, 253,
255, 256, 269, 274-5, 277, 337
Balley Brandeburg des Ritterlichen Orderns Sankt Johannis vom Spital
zu Jerusalem 388
Baltic: and military orders 183-4, 185, 187, 188, 206, 208, 176, 344-5,
301; see also Estonia; Finland; Lithuania; Livonia; Poland; Prussia
Banu Munqidh 216-17, 223, 230-1
Barbary corsairs 255, 353
Barkayaruq, sultan 213, 219
Barquq, sultan (1382-99) 148
basalt, for building 155
Basilius, illustrator 141, 145
Baybars, al-Zahir, sultan (1260-77) 129, 136-7, 159, 164, 239, 241-2
Bayezid I, sultan (1389-1402) 251-3, 275
Bayezid II, sultan (1481-1512) 254-5, 277, 299, 337
Bazán, Alvaro 346
Beirut: cathedral 160; Fatimid control 117; Frankish settlement 112,
135
Bela IV of Hungary 181
Belen Keslik Kalesi, house 170
Belgium, and Godfrey of Bouillon 379
Belgrade: defeat of Turks (1456) 4, 277, 179; Ottoman capture (1521)
256, 284
Bell, Gertrude 170
Bellapais, monastery 173, 294
Belmont: castle 166, 168; Cistercian abbey 161
Belvoir castle 155, 167-8, 173, 185, 186; chapel 146, 155, 163
Benedict XII, pope, and Knights Hospitallers 335
Benedictines: and Crusade history 373; in Latin East 157, 162
Berbers: and Almoravids 143-4; in Spain 243-4
Bernard of Clairvaux, St: and military orders 177; and preaching of
Crusade 43, 69-70, 82, 83
Bertrand of Le Poujet 268
Bertrandon de la Brocquière 253
Bessarion, cardinal 278
Bethany, convent of St Lazarus 142, 145, 162
Bethelehem Order 350
Bethlehem, church of the Nativity 140, 143, 144-5, 156, 158
Bevin, Odo 78-9
Black Death: in Cyprus 295, 317; effects in west 266, 267, 305; in
Mamluk sultanate 247
Black Sea: and Genoese 305; and Ottoman Turks 254
Blanchegarde castle 167
Bodrum, castle 298, 337, 339
Bohemia: Crusade against Hussites 4, 180-1; and military orders 354
Bohemond III of Antioch, and military orders 183
Bohemond IV of Antioch (1219-33) 135
Bohemond of Taranto: and Byzantium 123; and First Crusade 37; and
prestige as Crusader 72
Bohemond VI of Antioch-Tripoli (1252-75) 136
Bongars 373
Boniface of Montferrat 64, 94
Boniface VIII, pope, and taxation 263, 265 booty 54; and Fourth Crusade
149; in jihad223, 229, 250, 251; and military orders 191, 192, 332,
351, 352
Bosnia, Crusade against heretics 4, 40
Bourchier, Basil 380-1
bow: English longbow 130; Turkish 230
Brahms, Johannes, Rinaldo374
Brétigny, peace of (1360) 268
Breydenbach, Bernhard von 140
Brooke, Rupert 381
Brunet of Treuil 78
Brunus, Aimery 77
Buchan, John 369-70
Bulgaria, Turkish conquest 252
Bull, Marcus 13
bulls, papal, and promotion of Crusades 41-3, 46, 268, 283, 284, 288-9
Burgundy, and Ottoman Turks 274-5, 279, 286
Bursa, and Ottoman Turks 250
Butler, Lionel 254
Byzantine empire: and Armenia113; and church building 156-8; and First
Crusade 2, 60-1; and Fourth Crusade 3, 38, 111, 129; and Genoa310,
311-12; and Islam 212, 218, 222; and Latin East 118, 119, 120-1, 123-4,
129-31, 144-5, 215, 291-2, 299-302, 310-12; and military orders 181,
336; and non-combatants 48; and Ottoman Turks 2, 252-4, 311-12; and
papacy 313-14; and People's Crusade 36; and Second Crusade 3; and
Third Crusade 61; and Venice129, 130-1, 310-11; see also Constantinople;
Greece
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - C
(Pagenumbers are related to the net version)
Cabaret, John, of Orville 173
Caesarea: cathedral 159, 160; defeat 239; Frankish settlement 112
Calatrava order: conventual life 203-4; foundation 179-80; leadership
329; military role 183, 185, 186-7, 326-8, 346; nationalization 345-6;
organization 201-2, 339-40; resources 196, 339
Calixtus II, pope, Crusade 3, 86
Calixtus III, pope 329
Calvary, site 142
Calvinism: and military orders 358-9; and opposition to Crusades 285-6
Çandir, church 170-1
cannons, Ottoman use 253
Canso de la Crotzada 91
Capetian dynasty 260
Carmelites, in Latin East 163
Carolingians, and fragmentation 21-2
Carpenel, Galdemar, of Dargoire 85
Cassat, Girolamo 350
Castiglione, Sabha di 355
Castile: and Aragon 246, 267, 284, 326-7; civil war 327; and Granada282-5;
and military orders 179-80, 185, 196, 326-7, 339, 343, 345, 346, 360;
and papacy 267; and power of kings 12, 18, 267
castles: in Cilician Armenia169; in Cyprus173-4; in kingdom of Jerusalem148,
149, 155, 165-8, 184; and military orders 145-6, 149, 167-8, 173-4,
184-7, 199; in Spain 185; stone 22
Catalan Company300, 301, 303-4, 313, 316-17
Cathars 40, 65; see also Albigensian Crusade
Catherine of Valois 301
Catholicism: Counter-Reformation 288-90; and Hussites 280-1; and Protestantism
287
cavalry: heavy 24-5, 49; Muslim 229, 234; Ottoman 252, 256
Cercamon, troubadour 93, 99
Chaldiran, battle (1514) 255
Chanson d'Antioche 91
chanson de femrne 102-4
Chanson de Roland 91-2, 107
chansons de geste 91-3
charity, and military orders 177, 191, 196, 203, 362, 387-9
Charlemagne, and Crusading ideal 19-20, 91-2
Charles of Anjou (1227-85): and battle of Tunis 52; as Charles I of
Sicily 299-300; and costs of Crusading 53; in Italy 88, 181-2; and
kingdom of Jerusalem 137
Charles of Gonzaga 350
Charles the Good of Flanders 85
Charles II of Naples, and Crusade treatise 260
Charles IV, emperor 262
Charles V, emperor (1500-58): and Barbary corsairs 255; and military
orders 14, 345, 347; and Ottoman Turks 285, 287-8
Charles VI, emperor 271, 274
Charles VIII, emperor, invasion of Italy 277
Charlotte of Cyprus 173, 296-7
charters, as evidence 12, 23, 34, 69, 73, 83, 186
Chastel Blanc 135, 163
Chastel Pèlerin ('Atlit) 149, 163, 164, 168, 185
Châteaubriand, François René, vicomte de 365-6,
373
Chevalier du Cygne 85
Children's Crusade (1212) 3, 47, 69
Chios, and Latin East 291, 306, 310, 312, 316, 321
chivalry: and Crusades 13, 84-9, 261, 271-2, 275, 364-5; and knighthood
24-5, 52, 66; and Latin East 131; and military orders 88-9, 273, 355,
388; Victorian interest in 369; weakening link with Crusades 276
Choziba, Orthodox monastery 158
Christ, and lordship 87
Christian of Prussia 180
Christianity, and Islam 211-13, 221, 223, 234, 242, 248, 257, 311,
312-13, 364
Christianity, Latin: administrative structures 43-7, 49; in Cyprus127-8;
division 185-7; expansionism 18-19, 65; in Greece129-31; and indigenous
Christians 113, 152, 157-8, 215, 218, 220, 242, 248; and reform 11-13,
26-7, 39; and violence 17-18; see also clergy; laity; monasticism;
papacy
church buildings: in Cilician Armenia 170-1; in Cyprus171-3; and hybridization
318; in kingdom of Jerusalem 58, 157, 159-62; Mamluk destruction 242
Ciliciasee Armenia, Cilician
Circassians, and Mamluk sultanate 240, 148
Cistercians: in Latin East 162-3; and military orders 202, 345
Clarke, Edward Daniel 365
Clement IV, pope, and military orders 181
Clement V, pope (1305-14): and financing of Crusades 164; and military
orders 208-10, 323, 325
Clement VI, pope, and recovery Crusade 270
Clement VII, pope, and military orders 347
clergy: and armies 15, 49; banned from Crusading 47, 177; and Crusader
privileges 71; and Gregorian Reform 16-7; in Latin East 158, 317-18;
and lay religion 31-3; and military orders 193, 195, 198, 199, 201,
206, 340, 362; and preaching of Crusades 45, 46; and taxation 262-4
Clermont, Council (1095) 1-2, 29, 35, 42, 43, 47, 71, 80, 138, 368
clientage, and recruitment 87
Clinton, Roger de 370
Coenaculum 147, 162
Coeur, Jacques 249
Cogniet, Leon 375 coinage: of Amalric 144; of Baldwin III 143; Byzantine
influence 138, 139; Cypriot 294; increased circulation 49; supply
64 colonization: and Latin East 111-12, 125, 129, 137, 292, 320-2;
and military orders 186, 331-2
Columbus, Christopher 285 confessor, personal 72 confraternities:
and financing of Crusades 54; Protestant 388-9
Conon of Béthune85; and Crusadesongs 94, 97, 103
Conrad III of Germany (1093-1153), and Second Crusade 38, 43, 61,
62, 83, 122
Conrad IV of Germany and Jerusalem (1228-54) 133, 135
Conrad of Masovia 180-1
Conradin, and papacy 40
Constable, Giles 11, 12
Constance, Council (1414-18): and John Hus280; and Papal Schism 337;
and Teutonic Knights 2-76, 337
Constantinople: Crusader capture (1104) 38, 111, 129, 148, 291; Crusader
capture ( 1204) 3, 38; and First Crusade 60; Greeks attempt recovery
4, 131; in Islamic thought 212; and military orders 181; Ottoman attacks
252-3, 277; Ottoman capture (1453) 253-4, 277, 299, 308, 312; St Francis
chapel 148-9, 151; and Second Crusade 62.; and trade 321; Turkish
capture (1261) 291, 305
Constitutiones pro zelo fidei 258 contract: and Crusade service 64-5,
262; shipping 61, 62-3, 65
Cor nostrum 43
Córdoba: Berber sack (1031) 243; conquest (1232-53) 3, 245
Corfu, and Venice 307, 308
Corinth: Gulf of 301, 302, 308; and Knights Hospitallers 302, 336;
see also Lepanto, battle
Cornaro, Caterina 297
Cornaro family 174, 320, 322
Coron, Venetian control 130, 291, 302, 306, 307, 308 corsairs 255,
307, 352-3 corso 337-8, 339, 352-3
Cosimo I de Medici, and Knights of Santo Stefano 288, 348, 349 cost
of Crusading 8, 53-4, 55, 75-6, 86-7, 262
Counter-Reformation: and military orders 288, 289; and Crusade as
devotion 27, 288; and expansionism 288-9; and New World 285, 289;
and Protestantism 289-90
Courtois, M. 371
Crac des Chevaliers, castle 135, 137, 149, 168, 184, 185, 186, 188;
chapel 145-6, 149, 163; Muslim capture 139 credit, for Crusaders 55-6
Cressing Temple 195
Cresson, battle (1187) 187, 189
Crete: and art 318; and Latin East 130-1, 302; and Ottoman Turks 290,
292, 359; and sugar industry 320; Venetian control 111, 291, 308-9,
316, 322, 338, 349, 352
Crimean War, and Holy Places 372, 384
Croatia, and Venice 309 cross: distinction by colour 52., 71; taking
1, 69-73, 77, 82., 123; see also Holy Cross
Cross, Orthodox monastery of 157 Crusaders: criticism 72-3, 265; status
9-10, 72, 84; see also privileges Crusades: criteria for success 258,
259-62, 264; definition 9-12; effects 65-7; fifteenth-century 275-83;
fourteenth-century 13, 266-75, 193-4; modern images 363-84; origins
15-34; participants 68-89; pluralist view 10-12, 37-41, 88; political
4, 39-40; practicalities 59-65, 260; recovery Crusade 259-65, 274-5,
276-9, 293, 295; revival and survival 385-9; seventeenthcentury14,
290; sixteenthcentury14, 283-90; thirteenth-century crisis 258-66;
traditionalist view 10, 11; western 3, 11-12, 39; see also financing;
heretics; leadership; preaching; promotion; recruitment culture: Islamic
and Christian 233-4; shared Latin 66
Cyprus: architecture 171-5, 294-5; capture (1191) 111, 125, 147; civil
war (1229-33) 127, 128; and Crusader art 153; and frontier Crusades
269; and Latin Church 127-8, 317; Latin kingdom 125-9, 291, 293-8,
312; and local population 318-19; and Mamluk sultanate 248-9, 293,
294, 295-6, 312, 315; and military orders 126, 181, 207-8, 294, 298,
324-5, 335; and Ottoman Turks 21, 256, 297-8, 308, 312, 351; and papacy
128; political development 125-9; and sugar industry 127, 174, 320,
322, 335; and trade 127, 293, 294-6, 305; see also Famagusta; Genoa;
Nicosia; Venice
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - D
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Damascus: Ayyub conquest 238; Mongol attack 239, 248; and Saladin225,
228; siege ( 1148) 122; and Zangi 227
Damietta: and papacy 109; siege and conquest ( 1218-19) 38, 236-7
Daniel of Chernigov 140
Danishmendid dynasty 218
Dardanelles: and Genoese-Venetian rivalry 307-8; Ottoman control 251,
335
Darum, royal castle 167, 168
Dashwood, Sir Francis (1708-81) 363
De Quincey, Thomas 374
Deësis miniature 141 deforestation 156
Delacroix, Eugène 379
Denmark, and Knights Hospitallers 345
Despenser, Henry 268
Deutsche Orden 388-9, 391; see also Teutonic Knights
Devol, treaty (1108) 123 devotion: communal 30; Crusade as 27, 68,
77-80, 88, 89, 288
Digby, Kenelm Henry. 369, 374
Dinmore, Herts. 376
Disraeli, Benjamin 366-7, 379 dit 109
Dobrin order 180, 181
Dodo of Cons-la-Grandville 75
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 142, 156, 162, 217
Dominican order, and preaching of Crusades 45
Douglas, William 273
Dubois, Peter, and Crusade treatises 207, 260
Duffield, Peter 74
Duqaq, nephew of Malik-Shah 216
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - E
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
economy, and stimulus of Crusades 66-7
Edessa, county of: and Baldwin of Boulogne 36; and Byzantium 123;
Frankish settlement 111, 115-16; and kingdom of Jerusalem 121; Muslim
conquest (1144) 37, 121, 227
Edward I of England (1239-1307): and Crusade planning 261; and Cyprus125;
as divisional commander 64, 369
Edward VII of Britain 368-9
Edwards, Robert 169
Egypt: and Cyprus 296, 312; and Fifth Crusade 3, 38, 134, 236-7; and
First Crusade 218; indigenous Christians 215; and Latin East 122,
123-4, 132, 136; and Louis IX 3, 62, 125, 136, 189, 238, 380; and
Mamluk sultanate 240-2, 248-9; and military orders 196; modern interest
in 363-4; and Mongols 239; and Nur al-Din 227, 228; and Ottoman Turks
284, 296, 297; and Saladin 38, 124, 228; and Third Crusade 38, 61,
62; and Venice 316; see also Ayyubid empire; Damietta
Ehrentisch (table of honour) 273
Eisenhower, Dwight383 élites: and central power 21-2; and First
Crusade 33; as milites 24-6
Elizabeth of Hungary 376
Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy 349 encyclical, Crusade 42
England: and financing of Crusades 57-8; and Knights Hospitallers
345; nineteenthcentury interest in Crusades 368-9, 371-2, 374-8, 379;
war with France47, 259, 266, 267, 274, 284, 314; see also Spanish
Armada
Enlart, Camille 161 enlightenment, and Knights Hospitallers 356
Enrique IV 329 equipment, provision 63
Erasmus, Desiderius, and opposition to Crusades 288 eschatology: and
Crusade ideology 261, 285; see also Last Days L'estoire de Eracles,
and Latin East 112
Estonia, and Crusades 4, 39, 333
Euboeasee Negroponte
Eugenius III, pope, and Crusade against Wends 3, 39
Eugenius IV, pope, and the Balkans 277
Eustorge of Montaigu 171
Évêque de la Cassière, Jean 354 excusado 289
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - F
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Al-Fadil, al-Qadi 229, 232, 235
Faidit, Gaucelm 93, 105, 107-8
Famagusta: defences 175, 297-8; Palazzo del Provveditore 171; St Nicholas
cathedral 172, 295; as trading centre 127, 171, 270, 295, 305, 312,
315, 316, 321 family, and Crusading tradition 13, 81, 85-7, 261 famine
48 fanaticism, religious 20
Farnese, Alexander 289
Fatimids: and Christians 157, 242; defeat in First Crusade 217; and
disintegration of Seljuk empire 217-18, 227; in Egypt 122, 212-13,
214; and jibad 223
Felipe IV of Spain 359-60
Ferdinand of Aragon: and Granada 282-3; and Tunis 286
Fernando of Castile 345, 346
Fernando, regent of Castile 327
Ferrand of Mallorca 300
Feuchtwangen, Siegfried von 330 feudalism: in Byzantium 129-30; in
court poetry 95-6; and kingdom of Jerusalem 6, 133-4; see also lordship
Fidenzio of Padua, and Crusade treatise 259
Field of Blood, battle 225
Fiennes, Ingelram de 370
Fifth Crusade (1217-29): and Egypt 38, 134, 236-7; financing 57; Fifth
Crusade (cont): and military orders 189; promotion and preaching 44-5;
and recovery of Jerusalem 3, 133; and recruitment 48
Filangieri, Richard 128, 135 financing: of early Crusades 48-9, 53-89,
109; of Granada Crusade 283; of later Crusades 261, 262-5; see also
indulgence; taxation
Finland, and Crusades 4, 39
Finn, James 368
First Crusade (1096-1102): achievement 59, 79; command structure 61,
64; and conquest of Jerusalem 2, 37, 138, 218-19; financing 55-6;
and Holy Sepulchre 77; and Islam 19-20, 39, 212, 213, 218-21; and
knighthood 24-6, 35-6, 47; and Latin East 2, 36-7, 111, 115; leadership
2, 35-6, 70; origins 19-24; overland route 38, 68; participants 12,
68; as penance 32-4; and People's Crusade 36, 47, 69; and practicalities
59-61, 65; promotion 42, 78; and recruitment 34, 50-1, 81-2, 85-7;
and 'second wave' 36-7, 113; and siege of Antioch 37; and 'third wave'
2, 37; and Urban II 1-2, 19, 25, 27, 29, 33-4, 35-6, 37, 73, 138;
and violence 15-18, 35-6
First World War, and Crusade imagery 380-2
Flanders: and Crusading ideal 80, 85; and Papal Schism 4, 268; and
Spain288-9 fleets see navies
Florent of Hainault 300
Folquet, bishop of Toulouse 94
Fonseca, Manoel Pinto de 353, 354 food supplies, and non-combatants
48 footsoldiers 25, 49
Forey, Alan 12
Forster, E.M. 368 fortifications, stone 22
Foulques of Vullaret 324
Fourth Crusade (1202-4): and chivalry 84; command structure 64; and
Constantinople3, 38, 129, 148, 291; financing 55, 57; promotion and
preaching 44; and recruitment 51-2; and songs 93; and Venice 305,
306, 308
France: and Aragon 314; and Crusading ideal 80-1, 85-6, 368; and effects
of Crusades 65; and financing of Crusades 53-4, 55, 56-8, 264-5; and
First Crusade 2, 35-6; and Fourth Crusade 51-2; and John of England40;
and leadership of Crusades 35-6, 295-6, 313-14; and military orders
197, 208-10, 347, 353-4, 356-7; nineteenthcentury interest in Crusades
370-1, 372-3, 379; and Ottoman Turks 274-5, 279, 353; and reconquest
of Spain 109; and Second Crusade 81; war with England 47, 259, 266,
267, 274, 284, 314; see also Albigensian Crusade
Francis I of France 284, 285
Franciscan order, and preaching of Crusades 45
Franco, Francisco 383
Franks: and call for Crusade 123; see also Latin East
Frederick I 'Barbarossa', emperor (1123-90): in Asia Minor 61; and
Third Crusade 38, 50-1
Frederick II, emperor (1194-1250): and Cyprus 128; and Egypt 62; and
papacy 40; and recovery of Jerusalem3, 133-5, 149, 238; and shipping
62; and Teutonic Knights 181
freemasonry, and Knights Hospitallers 356, 362
French: and Chanson de Roland 91; and Crusade-songs 92-3
French regiment in the east 136-7 frescos 149, 151; church of the
Nativity 144-5, 158; Cyprus 173; Holy Sepulchre Church 140; Islamic
242; St Francis chapel 148-9, 151
Friedrich von Hausen 103 frontier Crusades 269-72, 2-76
Führich, J. 374
Fulcher of Chartres 140-1, 374
Fulk Doon of Châteaurenard 70
Fulk I of Matheflon 76
Fulk of Le Plessis-Macé 74-5
Fulk of Neuilly, and promotion of
Fourth Crusade 44
Fulk V of Jerusalem (1095-1143) 112, 120, 142; and art and architecture
141, 162; and Islam 230
furusiyya (horsemanship) 241, 248
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - G
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Gallipoli, and Ottoman Turks 251
Gastria, Templar castle 173
Gattilusio, Francesco 306
Gavaudan 106, 107
Gaza, castle 167, 184, 186-7
Genoa: in Aegean and Black Sea 305-6, 312; and Byzantium 310-12; and
Cilicia 168; and Cyprus127, 128, 294, 296, 312, 314-16, 321; and kingdom
of Jerusalem132, 135; and Mahdia Crusade 271-2; and Mamluk sultanate
247; and Ottoman Turks 311-12; and shipping contracts 61, 66; and
Venice 305, 307-8, 310, 314-16; see also trade
Geoffrey and Guy of Signes 77
Geoffrey I Villehardouin 51, 85, 91, 374, 379
Geoffrey II Villehardouin (1229-46) 131
Geoffrey of Issoudun 75
Geoffrey IV of Chateaubriand 365
Geoffrey of Le Louet 74
Geoffrey Le Râle 76
Geoffrey of Sergines, as secular armsbearer 85
Gerald of Landerron 75
Gerard of Ridefort, Templar master 189
German, and Crusade-songs 93
German Crusade ( 1197-8), and Latin settlements 3
Germany: Crusade against heretics 4, 280-2; Crusade against Slavs
3, 39; and opponents of papacy 4; and Ottoman Turks 279; see also
Livonia; Prussia; Teutonic Knights
Gérôme, Jean-Léon 364
Gervers, Michael 12
Géza of Hungary, and Second Crusade 62
Ghazan, ilkhan of Persia 261, 293 gbazis 222-3, 229, 250, 256
Ghiyath-al-Din Muhammad 219
Gibbon, Edward 257, 364
Gibraltar, siege 267
Gilbert, Vivian 381-2 gilds, and financing of Crusades 54
Giovanni del Conte 171
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine 36, 55, 86, 139; in modern
imagery 366, 367, 368, 376, 379, 384
Góngora, Luis de 346-7
Gothman, John 165
Granada: and Aragon-Castile 246, 282-3, 284-5; conquest (1232-53)
4; Crusade (1309) 265; and military orders 327-8, 345; Muslim 245-6,
267
Grandclaude, Maurice 6
Great (Papal) Schism (1378) 4, 268-9, 274, 278, 317, 336-7
Greece: Byzantine reoccupation 299-302, 310; and Crusader art 153;
Frankish Control 3, 17-9-31, 148, 191, 199-302, 303-4, 306-10; and
Knights Hospitallers 298; Ottoman conquest 177, 292, 199, 302, 308-9,
310
Greek Orthodox: and conquest of Byzantium 129-30; in Crete 309; Crusade
against 4; in kingdom of Jerusalem113, 115, 123, 157-8, 215; in Latin
East 127-8, 317-19
Gregorian Reform 26-7
Gregory IX, pope, and Frederick II 133
Gregory Palamas 251
Gregory VII, pope ( 1073-85), and reform 26, 78
Gregory X, pope (1210-76): and Crusade treatises 259; and papal taxation
58, 262-3; and practicalities of Crusade 60; and preaching Crusade
43; and recovery Crusade 274
Gregory XI, pope (1329-78), and military orders 325, 336
Grieg, Edvard 380
Grimald, knight 75
Grossi, Tomasso 379-80
Guadix, battle (1361) 317
Guibert of Nogent 15-16, 31-2, 33, 78, 112
Guilhem Figueira 109
Guillebert of Lannoy 279
Guiot de Dijon 120-3
Gurney, Jason 383
Guy of Bré 75
Guy of Coucy, and Crusade-songs 94
Guy of Flanders, as divisional commander 64
Guy II of Athens 303
Guy of Jerusalem 234
Guy of Lusignan 126
Guy of Rochefort, and First Crusade 73, 75
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - H
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Habsburgs: and Crusading 288-90; and Ottoman empire 255-6, 285-6
Hadvide of Chiny 75
Hagenmeyer, 373
Haifa, Frankish capture 112 Al-Hakim, caliph ( 996-1021) 157, 159
AI-Harawi, qadi 219
Hartmann von Aue101, 104
Harun al-Rashid 222
Hasan-i Sabah 214-15
Hattin, battle of (1187) 3, 100, 125, 147, 234; impact 108; and military
orders 184, 187
Hebron, cathedral 160
Heeren, A.H.L. 373
Hélion of Villeneuve 325
Henrique, prince 329
Henry I of Cyprus (1218-53) 125, 127-8
Henry I, emperor (1206-16) 131
Henry II of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1285-1324) 137, 293-4, 313; and
Crusade treatise 259
Henry II of England (1133-89): and Latin East 123, 125; and taxation
57; and Third Crusade 50-1, 52
Henry III, emperor, and reform of papacy 26
Henry IV, emperor, and reform of papacy 26, 39
Henry IV of England, as Crusader 331
Henry of Livonia 183
Henry VI, emperor (1165-97), and Cyprus126; and Third Crusade 51
Henry VIII of England 284, 286
Herbert, Aubrey 369-70
Herbert of Thouars 80
Heredia, Juan Fernández de 325, 336 heretics: Crusades against
4, 40, 280-2; in Islam 223, 239; and military orders 181; see also
Albigensian Crusade
Het'um I of Cilicia 168, 169
Het'umids 168, 169
Heym, Stefan 383
Hillary, Sir William 372, 379 historiography: of the Crusades v, 5-14,
15-16, 20-1, 364, 373; of military orders 340; Muslim 145
Hodeng, Ralph 74
Hohenstaufen dynasty, and papacy 40, 41, 65, 181-2, 168
Holy Cross, relics 141, 159
Holy League: seventeenth-century 290, 309-10; sixteenth-century257,
289
Holy Places: and Crimean War 372, 384; and First Crusade 37, 138,
139; and First World War 380-2; and Frankish settlers 122; modern
travel to 365-9; Muslim conquest 147, 148; and national rivalries
368; and nineteenth-century Crusade ideals 371; pilgrimage to 29;
and rebuilding 142-3; and recovery Crusade 259-65; reoccupation (1229)
150
Holy Redeemer hospital, Teruel 180, 191
Holy Sepulchre Church, Jerusalem 77, 81, 112, 124; aedicule 140, 142;
and coronation of Latin kings 134-5, 139, 141, 142; and Crusader art
139-43, 144; Crusader burials 150; destruction 157; as goal of Crusades
1; Greek and Latin clergy 158; knights of 366, 373; rebuilding 142-3,
157, 158-9; and royal burials 139, 156; scriptorium 141, 147
Homedes, Juan de 347
Hornpesch, Ferdinand von 357
Horns, battle 161
Honorius III, pope, and papal taxation 58
horses: shipping 61; see also cavalry
Hostiensis, Cardinal 10
houses, in Latin East 164, 165, 169-70
Housley, Norman 11
Hugh of Chaumont-sur-Loire 86-7
Hugh of Gallardon 75
Hugh II of Le Puiset 71
Hugh III of Cyprus (1267-84) 128-9, 137, 173
Hugh IV of Cyprus (1314-59) 173, 194-5
Hugh Rufus of Champallement 74
Hugh of St-Pol, and financing of Crusades 55
Hugh of Troyes, as pilgrim 81
Hugh of Vermandois, and First Crusade 36
Hulegu, Mongol ilkhan 238
Humbert of Beaujeu 83
Humbert of Romans 46, 265
Hume, David 364
Hundred Years War, and Crusades 258, 283
Hungary: and Hussites 280-1; and Mongols 39; and Ottoman Turks 252-3,
256, 257, 274, 278, 280, 284-5, 286; and Teutonic Knights 180-1, 206,
359
hunting: in Latin East 131, 231, 233; and military orders 203
Hunyadi, John 253, 277
Hurub al-Salibiyya 257
Hus, John 280
Hussites, Crusades against 4, 280-2, 283
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - I
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Ibelin castle 167
Ibelin family: in Cyprus 128; in Jerusalem 134
Ibn Abd al-Rahim, Hamdan 221
Ibn al-Abiwardi 219
Ibn al-Arabi 212
Ibn al-Athir 91, 188, 221, 226, 227
Ibn Iyas 246
Ibn Jubayr 117, 225, 233, 244
Ibn Kathir 211
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) 245, 257
Ibn al-Khashshab, qadi 219
Ibn Matruh 233
Ibn Tashfin 243
Ibn Taymiyya 246-7
Ibn Tumart 244
Ibn Unayn 236-7
Ibn Wasil 238
Ibn al-Wasiti 242
icons, Crusader 139, 140, 151-3, 318
identity, western 66
ideology of Crusades 7-10, 49-50
Ilghazi, Muslim leader 225
Imad al-Din al-Isfahani 147, 229, 232
images of Crusades 363-84
Inab, battle 122
indulgence 9, 72, 82, 266; and Albigensian Crusade 109; and Granada
Crusade 283; and Livonian Crusade 276; opposition to 286-7; and preaching
of Crusades 46, 80, 268, 278, 279, 288; printed 297; survival 290;
and vow redemption 48
Inghirami, Jacopo 349
Inness, George 375
Innocent II, pope, and western Crusades 39
Innocent III, pope; (1160-1216): and Cathars 40; Crusade against opponents
39-40; and Crusade treatises 259; and Crusade vows 48, 68; and financing
of Crusades 58; and indulgences 46, 82; and power of papacy 65; and
practicalities of Crusade 60; and preaching of Crusade 43, 44, 45-6,
148; and tithe 195
Innocent IV, pope (d. 1254): and Cyprus 128; and preaching Crusade
43; and Teutonic Knights 273
Innocent VIII, pope 278
Innocent XI, pope, and Holy League 309
Institut de France, and Crusade research 372-3
intercession: for Crusaders 73; by saints 29
intermarriage: in Latin East 114-15, 131, 317-18; in Livonia 333
Iraklion (Candia) 292, 309
Isaac Andronicus, emperor of Constantinople125
Isaac Comnenus 125
Isabella of Achaea 300
Isabella of Castile, and Granada 282-3
Isabella I of Jerusalem 126
Isabella II of Jerusalem, and Frederick II 133
Islam 179, 210-57; and Byzantium 212, 218, 222; and Charlemagne 91-2;
and Christianity 211-13, 221, 223, 234, 242, 257; in Crusade-songs
105-7; and Cyprus 126, 127; and expansionism of Latin Christianity
18-20, 213; and First Crusade 19-20, 39, 212, 218-21; and forcible
conversion 240, 242; and indigenous Christians 215, 248; joint alliance
against 39; and kingdom of Jerusalem 114, 117, 120-5, 134-6, 149,
225, 230-1, 233-4; and Last Days 211-12, 217, 223, 235; and military
orders 176-7, 205, 207-8; reforms 226, 239, 244, 247; and relations
with Latin East 114, 223, 224, 225, 237-8; and restriction on church
building 157; schisms 213-18, 224; western interest in 364-6; see
also Abbasid caliphate; Fatimids; Seljuks; Shi'i Muslims; Spain; Sunni
Muslims; war, holy
Isma'il, shah 255
Isma'ili Muslims. 214-15, 223
Italy: Crusade against heretics 4, 88; and First Crusade 36; fourteenth-century
Crusades 265, 266, 268; maritime republics 61, 66; merchant communities
in Latin East 116-17, 127, 132; and military orders 182, 354; nineteenth-century
interest in Crusades 376, 379-80; and opponents of papacy 4, 11, 40;
and Ottoman Turks 254, 279; sixteenth-century conflicts 284; see also
Genoa; Venice
Ivan the Terrible 358
Ivo of Chartres 71
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - J
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Jacobites, and Franks 113, 114, 157, 215, 318
Jadwiga of Poland 276
James I of Aragon 185
James I of Cyprus 174-5, 312
James I of Mallorca 300
James II of Cyprus 296-7, 317
James III of Cyprus 297
James of Molay, Templar master 189, 208, 260
James of Vitry 10
Janah al-Dawla, atabak 216
Janissaries 251-2 Janus of Cyprus173, 249, 296, 337
Jem (brother of Bayezid II) 254, 337
Jerosolimitanus 72
Jerusalem, city: capture by Khorezmians (1244) 3, 106, 136, 150; capture
by Saladin (1187) 3, 37, 83, 147, 234-5; cathedral of St James 158;
church of the Ascension 162; church of the Redeemer 367; church of
St Mary Latin 157; church of St Mary Magdalen 157-8; church of St
Mary of Mount Sion147, 162; church of St Michael the Archangel 158;
covered market 164; Dair al-'Adas158; Fatimid control 217-18; in Islamic
thought 211-12, 217, 224; pilgrimage to 2, 20, 132, 217-18; as place
to die 217; recovery (1099) 2, 37, 138-9, 168, 218-19, 224; recovery
(1229) 3, 133; see also Holy Sepulchre Church
Jerusalem, kingdom of: and Acre 132; and architecture 157-68; and
Crusader art 139; defeat by Saladin 125, 147, 234-5; Frankish settlement
111-18; and Frederick II 133-5, 238; and Godfrey of Bouillon 36, 139;
history 5-6; and military orders 181, 183, 342; and Muslims 114, 117,
120-5, 134-6, 149, 225, 230-1, 233-4; political development 118-24;
and power of women 120-1; seneschal 136-7; and study of law 133-4;
and Third Crusade 147-8; see also Acre
Jews: and effects of Crusades 66; and First Crusade 35-6, 115; in
Latin East 113, 114-15, 132-3
jihad 219, 220-7, 234-9, 241, 244-5, 247, 248, 385; against Muslims
250, 255-6; and Ottoman Turks 250, 252, 257; and Saladin 124; see
also war, holy
Joanna of Naples 301-2
Joao I of Portugal 329
Jogailo of Lithuania 276 Johanniter Orde in Nederland 388
Johannitorden i Sverige 388
John of Boucicaut 274, 331
John of England, and declaration of Crusade 40
John of France, and capture of Jerusalem 270
John of Gaunt, and Nicopolis Crusade 274
John of Gravina 300
John of Ibelin 84, 128, 134, 153
John II of Cyprus (1432-58) 296
John of Joinville 50, 84, 85, 374; and costs of Crusading 53; and
supplies 63; and symbols of pilgrimage 70
John le Maingre ( Marshal Boucicaut) 274, 331
John of Mâcon 55
John of Nevers 274-5
John of Sarrebruck 51, 63
John V Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor 310
John VI Cantacuzenus, Byzantine emperor 301, 306, 310-11
John of Würzburg 191
John XXII, pope 325
John XXIII, pope 337
Jones, Henry Arthur 378
Jubayl, cathedral 160
Julius II, pope, and Italy 284
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - K
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Ka'b ibn al-Akhbar 212
Kaffa, Crimea 305
Kahn Madonna 152
Al-Kamil, sultan 134, 150, 236-7
Karak, cathedral 160
Karbuqa, atabak of Mosul 216
Karlowitz, Peace of (1699) 257, 310, 363
Kenaan-Kedar, Nurith 160-1
Kettelet, Gotthard 358
khanqa 226
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa 255
Khorezmians 224; and capture of Jerusalem 3, 106, 136, 150
Kilij Arslan I, sultan 218
Kingsley, Charles 376-7
kinship, and recruitment 13, 50-2, 81, 85-7
Kipchaks, and Mamluks 238, 240, 247-8
Kirokitia, Cypriot defeat (1326) 296
knights: as armsbearers in East 85; in Crusade-songs 95-8; and First
Crusade 1, 24-6, 35-6, 47; in military orders 197, 201, 332-3, 341,
354-5, 362; as milites24-6; and recovery Crusades 274-5; and recruitment
49-53; and St George 273; see also chivalry
Knights Hospitallers of St John of Malta 5, 89; and Achaea 301-2,
336; archives 14; and Baldwin III 144; castles 145-6, 149, 167, 173-4,
184-7; charitable role 191, 196, 337, 388; church building 163; conventual
life 204, 334, 353; and Corinth302, 336; and corso 337-8, 339, 352-3;
criticism 205, 341, 355; and Crusader art 153; and Cyprus 126, 207-8,
294, 298, 324, 335; in Europe 181; fleets 184, 347, 351-2, 361; and
frontier Crusades 269; independence 183; langues 334, 344, 371-2,
388; and Malta 339-40, 347-8, 350-7, 361-2, 371, 387; masters 325,
329, 331, 334, 337, 340, 353, 356, 387; military role 344, 350-3,
361-2, 367; modern survival 387-9; numbers 186, 187-8, 334, 339, 354,
355, 360-1; organization 199-200, 201-2, 340-1; origins 178; and Ottoman
Turks 286, 299, 311, 333-4, 335-6, 337-8, 347-8, 361; and papacy 324,
325, 336, 347, 354-5, 388; in Portugal 329-30; recruitment 196-8;
resources 192-3, 194-6, 298, 324, 325, 335, 338-40; responsions 329,
332, 362; and Saladin 24; secularization 344; and sisters 202; in
Spain178-9, 185, 326-8; and survival of Crusading 290; see also Rhodes
Knights of Maltasee Knights Hospitallers of St John of Malta
Knights Templar: and Baldwin III 144; and castles 149, 184-71 charitable
role 1911 church building 163; conventual life 203-41 criticism 88-9,
205; and Cyprus 126, 207; discipline 188-91 in Europe 181; fleets
184; independence 183; moneylending role 191-2; and Muslims 114; numbers
186, 187-81 organization 199-200, 201-2; origins 176-81 recruitment
196-81 resources 191-3, 195, 196, 324; revival attempt 371; and Saladin
1341 and sculpture 146, 147; in Spain 178-9, 185, 188; suspension
323; and temporary service 182; trial 89, 191, 197, 204, 206, 208-10,
265, 324, 341
Kniprode, Winrich von 273, 331
Kolossi, castle 126, 174
Königsberg, and Teutonic Knights 343
Korykos, castle 169, 295
Kosovo, battle (1389) 252, 274
Kotzebue, August von 378
Kyrenia, castle 174, 296, 297-8
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - L
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
La Forbie, battle (1244) 136, 178; and military orders 187, 204
Ladislas of Naples 302, 304
laity: and monasticism 27-8, 33; and popular religion 30-4; and reform
of Church 26; see also orders, military
Lamartine, Alphonse de 364
Lambert, Baldwin 172
Lampsakos, battle (1359) 335
lance, use by élite soldiers 24
land: mortgaging 55-6; reclamation 194; sales 55, 66, 86-7
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle (1212) 4, 244-5
Last Days, in Islam 211-12, 217, 223, 235
Lateran Councils: Fifth ( 1512-17) 183-4; First ( 1123) 71; Fourth
( 1215) 43
Latin East 66, 111-37, 291-322; and agriculture 115-16, 126-7, 131,
174, 319-20, 321-2; and architecture 142-4, 149, 154, 155-75; and
art 138-54; and Byzantium 118, 119, 120-1, 123-4, 129-31, 144-5, 215,
291-2, 299-302, 310-12; and call for Crusade 123; defeat by Saladin
3, 100, 125, 132, 147, 234-5, 293, 367; and First Crusade 2, 37, 111,
115; Frankish settlement 2, 111-16, 132-7, 161, 224-6, 227; and indigenous
population 113-16, 119-30, 157, 292, 309, 316-22; and Islam 114, 218-19,
220-6, 230-1, 233-4, 237-8; and Mamluk sultanate 136-7, 153, 161,
168, 240, 241-2, 258, 291, 293, 294-5; and military orders 207-8;
and Mongol invasion 136-7, 168, 238-9, 248; Muslim revolts 225; and
Ottoman Turks 292, 297-8, 299, 302, 304, 308-13; Palestine and Syria
132-7; political development 118-24; and Second Crusade 121-2; see
also Achaea; Antioch, principality; Athens; Cyprus; Edessa, county
of; Greece; Jerusalem, kingdom of; Rhodes; Romania; Sicily; Tripoli,
county of
law: and Crusader privileges 71-2; Islamic 244; and kingdom of Jerusalem
6, 133-4
Lawrence, G.A. 371
Lawrence, Sir Robert 368
Lawrence, T.E. 367-8
leadership: and First Crusade 2, 35-6, 63-4, 70; and Hussite Crusades
281-2; and recovery leadership (cont): Crusade 260, 265, 274, 295-6;
see also orders, military
leagues 9; 13324-5; naval 255, 256, 269-72, 287-8, 335
Lear, Edward 364
Legras, Anne-Marie 12
Lemnos, and Order of Bethlehem 350
Leo I of Armenia 168, 169
Leo II of Armenia 183
Leo X, pope, and anti-Turkish Crusade 284
Léon: and military orders 179, 185; and reconquest of Spain
243
Leonard, St, Miracula 72
Leopold VI of Austria 88, 249; and imprisonment of Richard I 95
Lepanto, Venetian control 308
Lepanto, battle (1571) 5, 256, 288; and military orders 346, 348,
351, 360
Lesbos: and Genoa 306, 310; Ottoman control 299, 312
Lessing, Carl Friedrich 375
liberation, and violence 8, 385-7
limestone, for building 155-6
Lister, Charles369
literacy 90
literature: vernacular 90-3; see also songs, Crusade
Lithuania: and Crusades 39, 286; and forcible conversion 272-3, 276,
325, 343; and Livonia 272-3; and pretended conversions 331, 337
Livonia: and Christian missions 4; and Our Lady of Riga 88; and Swordbrethren
180, 183, 189, 190; and Teutonic Knights 180: castle-building 185;
complaints against 324, 331, 333; decline 344, 358; and holy war 39,
276-7, 323, 325, 330, 333; masters 333; numbers 188, 272; settlement
187; subjugation 4
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle188
Livre de Jean d'Ibelin134
Lloyd George, David381
Lloyd, Simon13
lordship: and central authority 21-4; and Christ 87; in court poetry
95-6; influence 13, 50-2, 85-6, 87-8; in Latin East 118, 133-4, 165,
186; and military service 170-18, 49; and taxation 56
Louis of Blois 51
Louis of Burgundy 300
Louis II of Bourbon 271
Louis IX of France (1214-70): as commander-in-chief 64; and Crown
of Thorns 149; and Cyprus 125; death 38; and Egypt 3, 62, 125, 136,
189, 238, 380; and financing of Crusades 55-8, 109; first Crusade
(1248-54) 3, 38, 51, 53, 56, 58, 63, 88, 125, 136, 365; and Latin
East 122, 123, 136, 150; and mendicant orders 109; and planning of
Crusades 62; ransom 53; second Crusade (1269-72) 3, 38, 51, 83-4,
88
Louis of Orleans, and Nicopolis Crusade 274
Louis Philippe of France 370-1, 380
Louis of Thuringia 376
Louis VII of France (1120-80): in court poetry 96; and planning of
Crusade 61, 62; and Second Crusade 38, 43, 61; taking the cross 69-70;
and taxation 56
Louis VIII, death 109
love, Crusade as 100-4, 110
Lull, Raymond: and criteria for Crusades 259, 260-1, 264, 278; and
military orders 207
Lusignan dynasty 126-7, 172, 174, 293-7, 298, 312, 313, 315, 320-1
Luther, Martin: and anti-Turkish war 287; and military order44
Lutheranism: and military order58-9; and opposition to Crusades 285-6
Luttrell, Anthony 265
Lydda, cathedral of St George 158, 160
Lyons, First Council (1245) 43
Lyons, Second Council (1274) 43, 60, 106, 205, 259; and financing
of Crusades 262, 264
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - M
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Ma'arrat al-Numan 219, 220
madrasa 226, 228
Mahaut of Achaea 300
Mahdi, and Last Days 211-12, 244, 255
Mahdia, Franco-Genoese Crusade 4, 271-2, 274
Mahona of Chios 306
Makhairas, Leontios 319
Malik-Shah, sultan 213, 215, 216
Mallorca, conquest 188, 189
Malta: and Knights Hospitaller 39-40, 347-8, 350-7, 361-2, 387; as
order-state 14, 348, 350-7; and Ottoman Turks 256, 347-8, 349
Mamluks 240-2, 320; in army of Saladin 229-30, 240; Bahri38; and Cilician
Armenia 68, 239, 247; and decline of Frankish power 153, 161, 168,
258, 291, 293, 294-5; defeat at Homs 261; and Egypt 136-7, 239, 240-2,
270-1; empire 246-50; and military orders 183, 187, 194, 299, 337-8;
and Ottoman Turks 249-50, 255, 284, 296; recovery 248-9; and Spain
46; as successors to Saladin 39; and Turks 236, 240; and western response
260; see also Cyprus Manners, Lord John 369
Manolada, battle (1316) 300
Al-Ma¯nsura, battle 238
Manuel Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1122-80) 62; and Latin East 123-4,
144, 158
Manuel II Palaeologus, emperor 360
manuscripts, Crusader 141, 148, 150-1, 153
Manzikert, Battle (1071) 240
marble, for decoration 156
Marcabru, troubadour 93, 98-100, 101-2, 104, 107
Margaret, wife of Louis IX 151
Margat, castle 135, 137, 168, 184, 187; chapel 149, 163; Mamluk defeat
241
Maria of Antioch 123
Maria, wife of Amalric 144
Marienburg, Teutonic headquarter 08, 324, 331, 332, 343
Marinids, in North Africa 245-6
Marj Dabiq, battle (1516) 250
Markward of Anweiler, and Innocent III 39-40
Marochetti, Carlo 379
Maronites: and Franks 113, 114, 215, 385, 387; and Mamluk42
Martí of Aragon 326
Martin V, pope 280, 329
Mary of Oignies, St 10-11
Masmuda confederacy 244
Mathilda of Tuscany 78
Matilda of England 120
Maximilian I, emperor (1573-1651) 284, 358
Mayer, Hans 6, 11, 13
Mehmed I, sultan (1413-21) 253
Mehmed II, sultan (1432-81) 253-4, 277, 199
Mehmet Ali 379
Melisende of Jerusalem 120-1; and Crusader architecture 162; and Crusader
art 141-2, 143
Melkite Christians see Greek Orthodox
Mellon Madonna 152
mercenaries: European 245, 268; in military orders 182, 333, 343;
mercenaries (cont): Muslim 229; see also Catalan Company; Navarrese
Company Mergentheim, and Teutonic Order 58
Merxadrus, Barzella 69
metalwork, Crusader 149, 153, 157
Mevlevi (Whirling Dervishes) 250
Meyerbeer, Giacomo 380
Michael the Syrian 227
Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor (1225-82) 131, 305
Michaud, Joseph 373
Mi'iliya castle 167
miles/milites 24-6
militarization 21-6, 178-9, 182-90
millennialism, and Crusade preaching 7
Mills, Charles 374
Milly, Jacques de 174
Minnesänger 93, 100-1
miracles, and saints 29-32
miraculum 29-32
Moclín, battle 180, 188
Modon: and Knights Hospitaller 47; Venetian control 130, 291, 302,
306, 307, 308
Mohacs, battle (1526) 256
monarchy: and control of Crusade 2, 18, 267; and regional élites
21-4
monasteries: Cyprus 173; and mortgaging of land 55-6; and protection
of Crusaders' wive 4
monasticism: and laity 27-8, 33; and piety 28; and recruitment for
First Crusade 34, 70, 87; see also orders, mendicant; orders, military
moneylending, and military order 91-2, 194
Monfragüe 180, 195
Mongols: Crusade against 4, 39; invasion of Latin East 136-7, 168,
238-9, 248; threat of invasion 131, 224, 246; withdrawal 250
Monk of Montaudo 93, 94-5
Monophysites, Egyptian 215
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762) 363
Monte Cassino Chronicle 78
Montegaudio order 179, 185, 191, 202
Montesa order 326-7, 332, 338, 345, 360
Montfort (Qal'at Qurain), castle 49, 167
Morea: Byzantine control 299, 302, 304, 310, 311; and Tamerlan 37
Morocco: and military order 29-30, 345; and Spain 45-6, 267, 330
mosaics: church of the Nativity 44-5, 158; Dome of the Rock 142; Holy
Sepulchre Church 143
motivation 8, 12-13, 49-50, 77-89
Al-Muayyad Shaykh, sultan (1412-21) 248
Muhammad V of Granada 246
Muhammad XI of Granada (Boabdil) 246
Mu'in al-Din Unur 227, 230-1
Murad I, sultan (1362-89) 251-2
Murad II, sultan (1421-51) 253-4, 312
Murray, Richard Hollins 376
music, see also songs
Muslims see Islam; Shi'i Muslims; Sunni Muslims
Mustafa, brother of Murad II 312
Al-Mustazhir, caliph 213, 215, 219
Al-Mutamid, rule of Seville 243
mutation féodale 22-3
Naples: and Achaea 299-302; and Athens303-4, 308
Napoleon Bonaparte: Egyptian campaign 363; and military orders 5,
349, 356-7, 362, 371, 387
Al-Nasir Faraj (1399-1412) 248
Al-Nasir Muhammad, sultan 246 Al-Nasir Tusuf 239
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - N
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Nasiridis, in Granada 245-6
Nasr-i Khosraw 217
nation state, and Crusading 9
naval leagues 255, 256, 269-72, 287-8, 335
Navarino, and Venice 308
Navarrese Company 301-2, 304
navies: Genoese 314, 315; Mamluk 48-9; military orders 184, 314, 347-8,
351-2, 361; Ottoman 254, 256, 269, 284; Tuscan 348, 352, Venetian
77, 302, 309, 314, 316; and western supremacy 262
Nazareth: cathedral 159; church of the Annunciation 146-7, 150, 157
Negroponte: Ottoman conquest 299, 308; Venetian control 291, 397,
302, 304, 307
Neidhart von Reuental 105
Nerval, Gérard de 364
Nestorians 113, 215
New Phocaea, Genoese control 05-6
Nicaea: as Byzantine capital 38, 61 131, 292, and People's Crusade
36
Nicholas IV, pope: financing of Crusades 263; and military orders
207
Nicholas V, pope, and Livonian Crusade 276
Nicopolis Crusade (1396) 4, 253, 274-5, 276, 336
Nicosia: churches 172; defence75, 297-8; Ottoman capture (1570) 288;
St Sophia cathedral 171-2
nobility see knights; lordship non-combatants, problems caused by
5, 47-8, 260
North Africa: Crusades 4, 5, 13-14 284-5, 286; and military orders
180, 346, 347; see also Mahdia; Morocco; Tunis Norway, and knights
Hospitallers 45
Novella, Gillem Augier109
novels, Crusading in 371, 375
Nur al-Din of Aleppo122, 123-4, 222, 227, 228, 236
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - O
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Occitan: and Chanson de Roland 1; and Crusade songs 91, 92-3
Odo of Deuil, and Second Crusade 0
Odo I of Burgundy 83
olive oil 116, 127, 168
Oliver of Lastours 75
Omer Talib 257
order of the Blessed Virgin Mar 82
Order of Christ 329
Order of San Julián de Pereiro 179
order-state: Livonia as 333, 358; Malta as 348, 350-7; Prussia as
257, 332-3, 343, 344; Rhodes as 333-4
orders, mendicant: and Louis IX109; and preaching of Crusades 45
orders, military 135, 144, 176-210, 323-62; art and architectur49,
163, 167, 173-4; in Baltic 183-4, 185, 186, 188, 206, 208, 330-1,
344-5; changing roles 207-8, 354-5; and chapters 199-200; charitable
role 177, 191, 196, 203, 362, 388-9; in Cilici68, 183; and conventual
lif2, 176, 199-200, 202-4; criticisms 205-6, 210, 324, 331, 333, 341,
355; and decline of military function 57-62; discipline 188-9, 203-4;
early-modern 343-50; history 12; and indigenous populations 335, 355;
leadership 198-200, 327-9, 337, and Mamluks 183, 187, 194, 299, 337-8;
military orders, military (cont): roles 2-3, 182-90, 196, 323, 330,
341, 346-7, 357-8; modern 350-7; and moneylending 191-2, 194; national
states 332-8, 348, 350-7; organization 198-202; origins and foundation
76-82; and property management 12, 191, 192, 198, 199; recruitment
189, 196-8, 273-4, 323, 332, 340; reforms 328-9, 342; religious role
340; resources 192-6, 205, 206, 207, 338-40; revival attempts 371-2;
secularization 88-9, 343, 344, 358-9; sergeants-at-arms 176, 182,
197, 201, 203, 341, and sisters 176, 199, 201, 340, 362; structure
338-42; unification 265, 324, 341; see also clergy; Knights Hospitaller;
Knights Templar; papacy; Spain; Teutonic Knights Ordre de la Milice
Chrétienne 350
orientalism, and interest in Muslim East 363
Orkhan, Ottoman bey 251, 311
Orseln, Werner von 331
Orthodox see Greek Orthodox; Russian Orthodox
Osman, Warlord 292
Ottokar II of Bohemia 188
Ottoman Turks: and Aegean 307, 311; and Balkans 252, 253, 255, 256,
269, 277; and Byzantine empire 252-4, 311-12; as elite 320; and Janissaries
251-2; and Knights Hospitallers 200, 286, 311, 334, 335-6, 337-8,
347-8, 361; and Latin East 92, 297-8, 299, 302, 304, 308-13; and Mamluk
sultanate 249-50, 255, 284, 296; and Mediterranean 351-2; and naval
league 69-72; and Nicopolis 4, 253, 274-5, 276; and North Africa 285;
rise 250-7; and Spain 282, 285, 288-9; threat to west 4-5, 284-8,
311-12, 359, 363; see also Hungary; navies; Venice
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - P
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
painting: Crusader 140, 144-5, 148, 154, 158, 173: manuscrip48, 150-1,
153; see also icons
Palestine: conquest by Saladin 3, 100, 125, 132, 147, 293, 367; in
court poetry 95; Frankish settlement 132-7; Ottoman conquest 4, 297;
overland routes to 38, 68; sea routes t8, 68; see also Holy Places;
Jerusalem (city); Jerusalem, kingdom of; Latin East
papacy: and anti-Turkish Crusade 77-80, 284, 287-8; and Byzantine
empire 313-14; and Catalan company 303-4; and Crusade treaties 259;
and expansionism 18-19; and frontier Crusades 269-72; and Greek Orthodox
Church 127; and Latin East 123, 294; limitations of power 47, 48;
and military orders 181, 194, 202, 206, 349-50: and Knights Hospitallers
324, 325, 336, 347, 354-5, 388; and Knights Templar 209-10, 323-4;
Spanish 183, 328-9, 345; and Swordbrethren 190; and Teutonic Knights
325; and penance 82; and political Crusades 4, 39-40, 65, 268; and
practicalities of Crusade ?0; and promotion of Crusades 42-7; reform
26-7, 39, 87; and Spain 38-9, 284; and status of Crusades 9-11, 37,
42; and taxation 57-9, 66, 262-5, 266, 267-8, 278, 284, 288
Papal (Great) Schism ( 1378) 4, 268-9, 274, 278, 317, 336-7
Papal State 268, 388
Paris, Matthew 10, 132; and military orders 198, 205
parlement, kingdom of Jerusalem 18-19
Paschal II, pope, and First Crusade 9-80
passagiun generale 260, 270, 274, 277-8
passagium particulare 260, 267, 270-1, 276, 336
Passarowitz, Peace (1718)310
pastorela 93, 101-2, 104
patronage: and art 141-2, 148, 158; and Crusade-songs 94-5; and military
orders 177, 193-4, 198, 345, 348, 353; and recruitment 87
Paul I of Russia 387
peace, domestic 73
peasant's Crusade; 1309 261; 1320 261
Pedro I of Portugal 329
Pegalotti, Francesco Balducci 294
Peirol 108
Pelagonia, battle (1259) 131, 299
penance 32-4; Crusade as 70, 77-84, 88, 89; and financing of Crusades
58, 194; and indulgences 46, 286
People's Crusade 36, 47, 68
Pera, Genoese control 305, 311
personnel 47-53
Perugia Missal 151
Peter des Roches178
Peter the Hermit 2, 36, 368
Peter I of Cyprus 295-6, 315; and capture of Alexandria 247, 270-2,
295
Peter II of Cyprus (1369-82) 175, 296
Peter of San Superan 302, 311
Philibert of Naillac 336
Philip of Aubigny 150
Philip the bold of Burgundy, and Nicopolis Crusade 274-5
Philip of Gloucester 83
Philip the Good, Feast of the Pheasant 261
Philip I of France, and financing of Crusades 55
Philip of Ibelin 128
Philip II of France (1165-1223); and conquest of Spain 107; and Latin
East 125; and Richard I of England 59, 61, 107-8; and Third Crusade
38, 52, 57, 132
Philip II of Spain (1578-1621) 288-9
Philip IV 'the Fair' of France (1606-65); and Knights Templar 208-10;
and papacy 265
Philip of Mézières 266, 341-2
Philip of Novara 135
Philip VI of France (1293-1350), Crusade planning 261-2, 264-5, 276
Phocaea, Genoese control 305-6, 321
Piacenza, Council (1095) 2
pilgrimage: Crusade as 27, 68-70, 77-80, 101-2; and Knights Templar
176; Muslim 217, 224; as penance 32-4, 88; symbols 69-70; to Holy
Land 9; to Holy Sepulchre 77, 81; to Jerusalem 2, 20, 132; and transport
117
Pillart, Peter 88
piracy: and Knights Hospitallers 99, 324, 337-8, 352-3; and Mamluk
sultanate 248-9; and Santo Stefano order 349; Turkish 294, 306
Pisa: and merchant communitie 16, 132; and Santo Stefano order 349;
and shipping contracts 61
Pius II, pope (1405-64): death 13; Pius II (cont): and general Crusade
278, 286; and military orders 350
Pius V, pope (1504-72): and antiTurkish Crusade 284-8; and Spain289
place, in religious culture 28-9
plague: in Cyprus 295, 317; effects in west 266, 267, 305; in Egypt
218, 247; and Knights Hospitallers 335
planning, of recovery Crusade 261-2, 274, 276, 278
Plauen, Heinrich von 343
Plettenbeurg, Wolter von 333
plunder see booty
poetry 93-100, 104-9; Islamic 220, 232-3, 236-7; and lov00-4, 110;
pre-Islamic 232
pogroms, 1096, 66, 115
Poland: Crusades 4, 39; and Holy League 257, 309; and Teutonic Knights
276, 331, 337, 343-4
politics, and Crusade theories 260, 265
Pomerania, and Crusades 39
poor: motivation 8; and Peasants' Crusades 261; and People's Crusade
36, 47, 68
Popular Crusade (1309) 69
Portugal: and Castile 267; and Mamluk sultanate 249; and military
orders 179, 185, 201, 325, 329-30, 345, 360; and North Africa 284,
286; and Second Crusade 41
Powell, James 13
Prague, rebellion (1419) 280-1
Prawer, Joshua 5-6
preaching 2, 13, 261, 279; development 45-6; local 44-6, 66, 69-70,
73, 77; and military orders 273; and state occasions 42-4; see also
indulgence
Premonstratensians, in Latin East 63, 173, 294
Prevéza, battle (1538) 255, 288
Prison of Christ 142
privileges: of Crusaders 9, 41, 43, 46, 71-2, 266; of military order
95, 206; see also indulgence promotion of Crusades 42-7
property, Crusader, administration 4-5
protection: of Crusaders 71-2, 74, 108; of pilgrims 176
Protestantism: and anti-Turkish war 87; Crusades against 4; and Order
of St John 388; and Teutonic Order 358-9
Prussia: and Teutonic Knights 80-1, 339, 357-8; and Crusades 4, 39,
323; decline 344; independence 181, 183, 191, 206, 330, 332; and Marienburg
208, 323, 331, 332, 343; as ordenstaat 276, 332-3, 343, 344; and Reisen72-4,
343; secularization 343, 344; subjugation 185
Psalter of Melisende 141, 145; Deësis miniature 141
Pulgar, Ferdinand del 283
Pushkin Madonna 152
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - Q
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Qal'at Jiddin (Judyn) 156, 167
Qal'at Yahmur (Chastel Rouge) 156
Qalawun, al-Mansur, Mamluk sultan 41
Qaraman Turkomans 252
Quantum praedecessores 42
Qutuz, Mamluk leader 239
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - R
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Raimbaut of Vaqueiras 94
Rainald of Châtillon 233
Rainald of Sidon 233
Ralph of Bethlehem 144
Al-Ram, courtyard buildings 166
Ramla, Fatimid capital 217, 224
ransom 165, 234, 336; and role of military orders 180, 191, 352, 356
Ranulf of Chester 73
Raydaniyya, battle (1517) 250
Raymond II of Tripoli, and military orders 184
Raymond IV of St Gilles, count of Toulouse, as First Crusade leader
2, 35, 36
Raymond of Poitiers and Antioch 21, 122
reconnaissance, importance 262
Reconquista see Spain, reconquest recruitment 13, 47-53; for First
Crusade 34, 50-1 81, 85-7; for later Crusades 262; and lordship 13,
50-2, 85-6, 87-8; for Second Crusade 81; to military orders 189, 196-8,
199, 273-4, 323, 332, 340
regions, and Crusader recruitmen 1-2
Reisen (journeys) 272-4, 279, 343
relics: brought by Crusaders 75, 150; of True Cross 141
religion, popular 13, 29-34
reliquaries 141, 150
Requesens, Luis de 346
Rethymnon, Venetian control 309
Rhodes: and Crusader art 153; fortifications 334, 337; and indigenous
population 335; and Knights Hospitallers 85, 208, 298-9, 324, 325,
333-8, 339, 343, 361; and Latin East91, 310; and Mamluk sultanate
249, 331, 337-8; and Ottoman Turks 254, 256, 297, 299, 337-8
Riant, Paul 373
ribat, in Islam 177, 243
Riccardiana Psalter 150
Richard, earl of Cornwall, and financing of Crusade 55
Richard I of England (1157-97): capture 94-5, 108; and conquest of
Cyprus 125, 147, 248; and conquest of Spain107; in Crusade-songs 94-5,
107-8; and financing of Crusades 55, 63-4; nineteenth-century interest
in 379; and Philip II of France 59, 61, 107-8; and Saladin 231; and
supplies 63; and Third Crusade 38, 59, 132, 382, 384
Richard II of England (1367-1400), and Nicopolis Crusade 274
Richard, Jean 5-6
Ridderlijke Duitse Orde Balije van Utrecht 389, 391
Ridwan, nephew of Malik-Shah 216
Riley-Smith, Jonathan 11, 13
Rinaldo d'Auino 104
risks, personal 73, 76-7, 104-5
Robert of Artois, as divisional commander 64
Robert of Cléry 85, 91
Robert of Flanders, and First Crusade 36, 73, 80
Robert of Naples 300
Robert of Normandy, and First Crusade 36, 55
Robert of Rochecorbon 86
Robert of Taranto 300-2
Roberts, David 364
Robertson, William 34
Robles, Melchior de 346
Roger of Antioch 225
Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154): and Innocent II 39; and Louis VII
of France 61, 62
Röhricht, 373
Roland, duke of Brittany 91
Rolfe, Frederick 377
Romania 291; and Genoa 305, 311, 316; Venetian control 305, 306-10,
311, 316; and Venice 309-10
Rome, papal congress (1490) 277
Roscher, Helmut II
Rossi, Angelo 361
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio 374, 375, 376
Rotrou, count of Mortagne 71
routiers 268, 271
Rubenids 169
Runciman, Steven ?, 5, 7, 13
Russia: and Genoese trade 305; and Livonia 358
Russian Orthodox, Crusade against, 276, 333, 358
Rutebeuf 93, 95, 109
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - S
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Sabastiya, and church of John the Baptist 144, 157, 160-1
Safad, Templar castle 163, 185, 186
Safavids: and Mamluk sultanate 49-50; and Ottoman Turks 55-6
Sagrajas, battle (1086) 243
Sahyun, castle 167
St Catherine's monastery, Mount Sinai 151, 152
St Elias castle 166
St George, and knighthood 273
St John Ambulance 388
St Lazarus order 178, 208, 349
St Maurice order 349
St Sabas, war of ( 1256) 132, 190, 315-16
St Thomas of Acre order 178, 207, 325
saints: intercessory role 29; and medieval piety 28-31; and miracles
29-32
Saladin (1137-93): armies 235, 240, 229-30; capture of Jerusalem (1187)
37, 83, 147, 234-5; conquest of Palestine 3, 100, 125, 132, 147, 293,
367; and Egypt 38, 124, 228; heirs 36-9; and jihad 229; and military
orders 186, 189, 234; and Richard I of England 231; rise 228-9; and
war poets 232-3; see also Ayyubid empire
Saladin Tithe 57
Salado river, battle (1340) 267, 327, 329
Al-Salih Ayyub 233, 238
Salimbene of Adam 265
Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 50
San Jorge de Alfama order 179, 326
sandstone, for building 155
Sanmicheli, Giangirolamo 175
Sanmicheli, Michele 175
Sans-Avoir, Walter 36
Santa María de España order 179, 180, 184, 188, 202
Santiago order 326; and clerics 199; foundation 179-80; leadership
329; military role 183, 185, 328, 359-60; nationalization 345-6; numbers
188; organization 201-2; and ransom 191; recruitment 01; resources
196; and sisters 342
Santo Stefano order 288, 348-50, 359, 361
Sanudi dynasty 306
Saranda Kolones, castle 173-4
Savaric of Vergy 87
Savorgnano, Giulio 175
Saxons, Crusades against Wends 39
Schein, Sylvia259
Scorel, Jan van 140
Scott, Sir Walter 371, 374-5, 376, 384
Scott, William Bell 376
sculpture, Crusader 146-7, 149, 156
Second Crusade (1147-9): command structure 64; in historiography 11;
and invasion of Byzantine empire 3; and Latin East 121-2; overland
route ?8; and practicalities 61; proclamation 42-3; promotion and
preaching 43-4; recruitment 81; sea route 61, 62; and songs 92, 93;
and Spain and Portugal 41; see also Saladin
Second World War, and Crusade imagery 383
Selim I the Grim, sultan (1467-1520) 249, 255
Selim II, sultan (1524-74) 256
Seljuks: and Abbasids 213-14; and Antioch 112-13, 216, 218, 225; army
229; Crusader attitudes to 20; and defilement of Holy Places 29; disintegration
of empire 213, 215-18, 224-6; and First Crusade 213, 217-20; and People's
Crusade 36; sultanate of Rum 250; and Third Crusade 3; threat to Byzantine
empire 2; threat to Europe 4; see also Khorezmians
Sens, cathedral 144, 160-1
Serbia, and Ottoman Turks 252, 274
serfs, enfranchisement 55
service, military 17-18, 118, 181-90, 342; Muslim 229
Setton, Kenneth 5, 13-14
Seville, conquest (1232-53) 4, 245
Al-Shaubak, castle 113
Shepherds' Crusade: (?????12513), 47, 69; (?????131069)
Shi'i Muslims 113, 122, 213-15; and First Crusade 218; and jihad 223-4,
231; Sevener 228; and Sunni Muslims 223-4, 226; Twelver 214, 216-17,
223, 255
shipping: contracts 61, 65, 66; and First Crusade 61; of horse2; and
Latin East 116-17; and Second Crusade 61, 62; and Third Crusade 38,
61
shrines of saints: and miracles 9-31; and sense of plac? 8-9
Siberry, Elizabeth 11
Sicilian Vespers 300, 303
Sicily 293; and defeat of Islam 8-19; and Latin East 124, 299-300,
303; and papacy 9-40, 263; and Teutonic Knights 330
Sidon: Fatimid control 217; Frankish capture 112, 113
Sigebert of Gembloux 80
Sigena, convent 202
Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary 275, 280-1, 336, 343
Silifke, castle 169
Simon of Montfort 109
Simonis 379
sin: and laity 27-8; and Muslim conquests 106; and penanc2-3, 82,
100
sipahis, Ottoman 252, 256
sirventes 93, 99, 107, 109-10
Sis, castle 170
Slavs, Crusades against 39
Smith, Sir Sidney 371
Smyrna: capture (1344) 5, 251, 270, 298, 335; defeat by Tamerlan?
37
Smythe, George, Lord Strangford 369
Société de l'Orient Latin 373
society see knights; lordship; orders, military
songs, Crusade 25, 91-110; chanson de femme 102-4; and dangers of
Crusading 104-5; definition; dit 109; and love-songs, 100-4, 110;
pastorela 93, 101-2, 104; as propaganda 106-7, 110; sirventes 93,
99, 107, 109-10
Southey, Robert 374
Spain: and Almohads 244-5; and Almoravids 243-4; and Charlemagne 91-2;
Civil War and Crusade imagery 383; Counter-Reformation; and expansionism
288-9; and military orders 288, 289; and New World 285, 289; and Protestantism
289-90; expansionism 284-5, 288; and Islam 18-19, 243-6; military
orders; modern 387; nationalization 326, 345-6, 360; organization
201-2; origin78-80; and reconques82-3, 185, 186, 188, 190, 207, 361;
recruitment 196; revenues 194, 195-6; see also Calatrava Order; Knights
Hospitallers; Knights Templar; Spain (cont): Montegaudio Order; San
Jorge de Alfama; Santa María de España; Santiago Order;
and Ottoman Turks 282, 285, 288; and Papal Schism 4; reconquest 88,
243-5; and Ferdinand and Isabella 82-3; and First Crusade 38-9; and
fourteenth-century Crusades 266-7; and France 109; and songs 91-2,
93, 98-9, 106-7, 109; and thirteenth-century Crusades 4; and twelfth-century
Crusade-4, 39, 41; and Second Crusade 41; see also Aragon; Castile;
Charles V, emperor; Granada; North Africa
Spanish Armada (1588) 4, 289
spice trade 117-18, 249, 321
Spöhr, Louis 378
spying, importance 262
Staufen see Hohenstaufen dynasty
Stedinger heretics 40
Steenbergen, battle (1583) 289
Stephen of Blois; and First Crusade 36; and risks of Crusade 73
stone, as building material 22, 139, 155-6
subsidio 288, 289
Sufis: and Almohads 244; and Almoravids 243; and Christians 242; and
First Crusade 219; and jihad 23-4; and khanqas 226; and Ottoman Turks
250; and Saladin 228, 234
sugar cane 127, 174, 320, 321
Al-Sulami, 'Ali ibn Tahir, and jihad 20-1
Suleyman the Magnificent (1494-1566) 255-6, 299
Sullivan, Sir Arthur 375
Sunni Muslims 113, 122, 213-14; in Egypt 228; and First Crusade 18;
institutions 226; and jihad 222; and Ottoman Turks 255; and Shi'i
Muslim 23-4, 226
supply, problems of 60-1, 62-4, 66
Sweden, and Knights Hospitaller 45
Swordbrethren 180, 181, 183, 190, 206
Sykes, Sir Mark 382
Syria: and Cyprus 295; and disintegration of Seljuk empire 213, 215-16;
and Egypt 239, 240-2, 246; and military orders 135, 183, 184, 186-7,
189-90, 194, 203, 298; and Mongols 238-9; and Ottoman Turks 5, 284,
297; and Shi'i Muslims 214; and Venice 316
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - T
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Tamerlane: and battle of Ankara 53, 277, 298, 302; and conquest of
Smyrna 298, 337; and sack of Damascus 248
Tancred of Taranto (1076-1112): and Antioch 113-14; and First Crusade
36, 79, 87, 369
Tannenberg, battle (1410) 276-7, 331, 333, 343
Tarsus, church of St Paul 170
Al-Tarsusi 241
Tasso, Torquato 365, 370, 374, 384
taxation: excusado 289; in Latin East 117-18, 130, 224-5; and military
orders 195, 206, 332; Muslim 225, 229, 248; papa7-9, 66, 262-5, 266,
267-8, 278, 284, 288; secular 56-7, 66, 264; subsidio 288, 289
Tenedos, and Venice 307-8, 310, 316
Tennyson d'Eyncourt, Charles 371
Teruel, Hospital of the Holy Redeemer 180, 191
Teutonic Knights: army 333; at Königsberg 343; and castle 84-6;
charitable role 191; criticism 206, 324, 331, 333, 341, 343; independence
184; and Jerusalem 134, 178, 184; leadership 329; and Lithuania, 272-3,
276-7, 325, 331, 337, 343; masters 188, 330-1, 333, 343, 344; in Mediterranean
330; military role 11-12, 331, 357-8, 361; modern survival 388-9,
391; and Montfort 149, 167; numbers 186, 358, 359; organization 199-200,
201333, 339, 340-2, 355; origins 178, 180-1; and papacy 325; and perpetual
Crusade 4, 12; property and resources 194, 332-3, 338-9; and Prussian
Reisen 272-4, 331; recruitment 196, 204, 273-4, 331; secularization
343, 344, 358-9; sixteenth-century survival 287; and tree castle 58;
and Venice 208, 330, 359; in Vienna 349, 359, 389; Zungen (tongues)
344; see also Livonia; Marienburg; Prussia
Thebes 321; and Navarrese Company 301, 304
Theodore Palaeologus 302
Thibaut III of Champagne, king of Navarre 51, 52, 64, 85
Thibaut IV of Champagne, and Crusade-songs 94, 97-8
Thibaut of Ploasme 86
Thierry of Nicosia (1206-11) 173
Third Crusade (1189-92): command structure 64; and defence of Latin
East 3, 125, 132, 147-8, 291; and Egypt 38; financing 57; and military
orders 189, 205; and noncombatants 48; overland route 38; practical
problem ?9, 61-3; promotion and preaching 45, 84; and Saladin 35;
sea route 38, 61-2; and songs 93
Thomas of Marie, and violence 15-16
Thomas, Peter 271
Thorn, Teutonic castle 186
timber, for building 156
tithe: and military orders 194, 195; and Muslims 225
Toledo, reconquest 18, 243
Toledo, García de 348
Tomar, and Order of Christ 330
T'oros I of Cilicia 170
Torres, Camillo 386-7
Torsello, Marino Sanudo 260
Tortosa: castle 135, 167, 168; cathedral 160, 161; Templar chapel
163
Torun, tree castle 358
towers, in Latin East 131, 166
towns, in Latin East 116, 161, 163-5, 170
trade: and Cyprus 127, 293, 294-6, 305; and Egypt 270-1; and Genoa
116, 305-6, 310, 314-16, 321; and Greece 131; and kingdom of Jerusalem
116-18, 132; Muslim-Christian 233, 237, 247; and Rhodes 337; and Venice
116, 308, 310, 314-16, 319, 321; see also spice trade
Transjordan, lordship 113, 225
treatises, Crusade 259-62., 278; and Erasmus 286-7; and military orders
341-2
Trenceval, Raymond Roger 109
Trent, Council: and Crusades 289; and military orders 356
Trier, Karl von 330
Tripoli, county of: defeat 137; Frankish settlement 111, 135; and
kingdom of Jerusalem 21, 125; Muslim control 17, 241; Ottoman conquest
(1551) 255; and Raymond of Toulouse 36
Tripoli (North Africa): and military orders 346; Ottoman conquest
(1551) 348
Trollope, Anthony 364
troubadours 93-4, 99, 101, 104, 108-9
trouvères 93, 100-1, 109
Troyes, Council (1129), and Knights
Templar 177
Trussel, William 74
Tukla, castle 156
Tumanbay, sultan 250
Tunis: battle (1270) 3, 38, 52; conquest (1535) 255, 285, 346, 347;
Ottoman capture (1569) 288; Ottoman recapture (1574) 350, 351; and
Spanish Crusade 284-5
Tunisiasee Mahdia; Tunis
Turanshah, son of al-Salih 238
turcoples (mercenaries) 182
Turkomans 216, 217, 224-5; and army of Saladin 229; and Mamluks and
Ottoman Turks 49, 297; Qaraman 252; and Shah Isma'il 255
Turks see Kipchaks; Mamluks; Ottoman Turks; Saladin; Seljuks; Turkomans
Twain, Mark 367
Tyerman, Christopher 13
Tynan, Katherine 381
Tyre: castle 167; cathedral 159; development 116, 132, 148; Fatimid
control 217; Frankish capture 112, 125, 135, 168; and Third Crusade
235
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - U
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Ubeda, siege (1233) 190
Umayyad caliphate, in Spain 243
Umur of Aydin 251, 335
Urban II, pope (1042-99): and Clun3; and Council of Clermont 1-2,
35; and Greek Orthodox 15; and indulgence 80; and launch of First
Crusade 1-2, 19, 25, 27, 29, 33-4, 37, 73, 138; and leadership of
First Crusade 35-6; and People's Crusade 68; and promotion of First
Crusade 42, 47, 78, 154; and reconquest of Spain 3, 38-9, 41; and
taking of the cross 70
Urban V, pope, and capture of Jerusalem 271
Urban VIII, pope (1580-1644), and military orders 350
Urbanus (gun founder) 253
Urraca of León-Castile 120
Usamah ibn Munqidh; Kitab alIt'ibar 230-1, 233; and Templars 114
Uzun Hasan 297
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - V
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Valencia: conquest (1232-53) 4, 245; and military orders 185, 325,
326
Valletta, and Knights Hospitaller 14, 340, 350-1, 355, 357
Vallette, Jean de la348, 350
Varna Crusade ( 1444) 4, 253, 277
Vasari, Giorgio 349
Venerable Order of St John 388
Venetian Crusade (1123) 62
Venice: and Byzantium 129, 130-1, 310-11, 314; and Cyprus 127, 174,
175, 271, 294, 297-8, 308; and Fourth Crusade 305, 306, 308; and frontier
Crusades 269; and Genoese 305-6, 307-8, 310, 315-16; and Holy League
309-10; and Knights Hospitallers 352; and Latin East 116, 132, 135,
168, 291-2, 319-22; and Mamluk sultanate 247, 338; and Ottoman Turks
257, 274, 277, 278-9, 284, 287-8, 290, 292, 302; and Romania 305,
306-10, 311, 316; and shipping contracts 61; and Turkish wars 352;
see also Crete; trade
Verdi, Guiseppi 376, 380
Versailles, Salle des croisades 371, 379
Vidal, Peire 99
Vienna: siege (1529) 285, 286; siege (1683) 257, 290; and Suleyman
the Magnificent 256; and Teutonic Knights 49, 359, 389
Vienne, Council (1311-12) 208-9, 259, 264
Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de353
Villehardouin family 300
violence: against Jews 35-6; and the Church 8, 27-18, 77-80, 89; as
endemic 17; and liberatio85-7; see also war, holy
Virgin, Tomb of 143, 162
Virgin and Child Glykophilousa 140
Voltaire, F.M.A. de 364
vows 9, 38, 50, 69-71, 72, 83; in military orders 200, 202, 323, 342,
355, 359; redemptio8, 58, 66, 68
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - W
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Wallachia, Ottoman conquest 277
Walter of Brienne 303, 304, 313
Walter II of Brienne 304
war, holy 9, 218-20, 283; as devotion
77-80, 88, 89, 288; and Erasmus 287; and military orders 193, 324,
331, 333, 338, 346, 350, 352, 360, 362; see also jihad; violence
War of the Holy League (1684-97) 257
Ward, F.W. Orde 381
warfare: and military orders 183-4, 192; siege 262; in song 105-6;
techniques 24-5, 60
weaponry 230; siege 230, 241
Wenceslas of Hungary 280
Wends: Crusade against 3, 39; and taking of the cross 71
Wiffen, J.H. 374
Wigand von Marburg 273
Wignacourt, Adrien de 354
Wilhelm II of Germany 367
Wilken, 373
William II of Achaea 299-300
William II 'Rufus' of England (1056-1100), and financing of Crusades
55, 57
William II Villehardouin 131
William IX of Aquitaine 105
William of Nogaret, and Crusade treatise 259
William Tête-Hardi of Burgundy 81, 86
William of Tyre (1130-85); chronicl53, 167; and Melisend42, 143
William V of Montpellier 85
Williams, Gertrude Alice Meredit 82
wills, as evidence 69
Winnington-Ingram, Arthur Fole 80-1
Winnoc, St, shrine 29-32
Wisconsin History 5
Wolthuss, Johann 333
women: and absent husbands and lovers 74, 75, 102-4; as accompanying
husbands 68; and administration of property 75; and armies 25; influence
13; in Latin East 120-1; in military order 76, 199, 201, 340, 362;
and recruitment to Crusade 7
Wordsworth, William 374, 377
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - X
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - Y
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Yaghi Siyan, emir 216
Yalbugha al-Khassaki 248
Yañez de la Barbuda, Martín 327
Back to top (alphabet)
Index - Z
(Pagenumbers are related
to the net version)
Zaccaria, Benedetto 305-6
Zaccaria, Centurione 302
Al-Zahir Jaqmaq 249
Zangi, Imad al-Din, atabak of Mosul ?, 96, 121-2, 221, 226-7, 228-9,
236
Zizka, John 281-2
Back to top (alphabet)
(end)
